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BIOLOGY A1 > BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES > Flashcards

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Flashcards

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1
Q

Is water a solvent?

A

yes

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2
Q

What is waters value as a solvent?

A

cells reactions take place in aqueous solution, transport in organisms, different effects on hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules.

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3
Q

What are buffers?

A

They resist change in pH ensuring particular environments maintain particular pH.

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4
Q

What are the biologically important ions?

A

calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, nitrate, phosphate, hydrogen carbonate.

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5
Q

Explain calcium as a biological ion?

A

Ca2+, pectate is component of middle lamella, bones and teeth, blood clotting and muscle contraction.

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6
Q

Explain iron as a biological ion?

A

Fe2+, haem group of haemoglobin.

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7
Q

Explain magnesium as a biological ion?

A

Mg2+, gives chlorophyll its light absorbing properties.

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8
Q

Explain potassium as a biological ion?

A

K+, maintaining electrical gradient across neurons.

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9
Q

Explain nitrate as a biological molecule?

A

NO3-, component of amino acid, nucleic acid, chlorophyll.

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10
Q

Explain phosphate as a biological molecule?

A

PO43-, phospholipids, cell membranes.

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11
Q

Explain hydrogen carbonate as a biological molecule?

A

HCO3-, natural buffer.

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12
Q

What are the 4 main macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.

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13
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.

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14
Q

Explain what monosaccharides are?

A

basic monomers, single sugars, different categories depending on no. of carbon atoms 3 - trioses, 5 - pentoses, 6 - hexose.

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15
Q

what is a hexose monosaccharide?

A

glucose

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16
Q

What are the two structure types of glucose?

A

a-glucose, B-glucose and fructose.

see page 7 in textbook for diagram.

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17
Q

what is an isomer?

A

substances with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

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18
Q

Explain what disaccharides are?

A

double sugars formed from two monosaccharides react together in a condensation reaction which is reversible via a hydrolysis reaction.

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19
Q

What is a glyosidic bond?

A

bond between two hexose sugars.

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20
Q

What is the general formula of a disaccharide?

A

C12H22O11

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21
Q

name and explain two important disaccharides?

A

Maltose (two a-glucose linked through condensation), Sucrose (a-glucose condenses with fructose).

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22
Q

Explain what polysaccharides are?

A

complex, formed through condensation reactions = complex polymers, important polysaccharides are starch, glycogen and cellulose.

23
Q

Describe and explain starch as a carbohydrate?

A

storage, made of amylose and amylopectin, amylose - a1-4 glycosidic bonds unbranched chains, amylopectin - a1-4 and a1-6 glycosidic bonds branched molecules.

24
Q

Why is starch a good storage molecule?

A

amylose and amylopectin are compact, insoluable so doesnt affect the water relations of the cell, large molecule can be retained in the cell.

25
Q

Explain whta glycogen is?

A

structurally similar to amylopectin only more branched chains, stored in liver and muscle, more terminal ends enabling faster hydrolysis.

26
Q

Explain celluolose?

A

Structural polysaccharide, component of plant cell walls, b-glucise monomers rotates due to different structure of b and a glucose.

27
Q

What are the two effects that rotating the glucoe monomers has?

A

Unbranched chains are straighter, hydrogen bonds can form cross linkages between adjacent chains.

28
Q

Explain lipids?

A

contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, form laarge macromolecules, not soluable on water (hydrophobic), two types - trigycerides and phospholipids.

29
Q

Explain triglycerides?

A

combination of glycerol and fatty acids, they vare joined through condensationh reactions, in each condensation reaction an ester bond is formed, energy store, isulation, protect organs.

30
Q

Explain saturated fatty acids?

A

They have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms which are linked by C-C single bonds.

31
Q

Explain unsaturated fatty acids?

A

At least one C=C double bond ( one double bond is monounsaturated and two double bonds is polyunsaturated)

32
Q

Explain phospholipids?

A

similar to triglycerides,form hydrphobic tails where as the head has the head has hydrophillic, they are polar molecules.

33
Q

Explain proteins?

A

containcarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, shape of the protein determined by sequence of aminp acids, amino acids are linked via peptide bonds, involving condensation reactions, two joined form a diptide. 4 different sstructures.

34
Q

Explain the primarry structure of protein?

A

sequence of amino acids in th epoly peptide chain, pg 14 in textbook.

35
Q

Explain the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Two types - Ahelix hydrogen bonds are formed between amino acids twist into a helical shape, B pleated sheets less flexible polypeptide chain laying adjacent to eachother. pg 14 textbook

36
Q

Explain the tertiary structure of protein?

A

further folding, more bonds formed (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds disulfide bonds-covalent bonds) globular protein only. pg 25 textbook

37
Q

Explain the quarentary structure in proteins?

A

two or more polypeptides bonded together, some contain prosthetic groups, haemoglobin and glycoprotiens are conjugated protein. Two types - fribrous protein, globular protein.

38
Q

Explain fibrous proteins?

A

structural in function, collagen, three identical polypeptides geld together by hydrogen bonds found in tendons linking muscle to bone.

39
Q

Explain globular proteins?

A

metabolic role, enzymes and antibodies, heamoglobin is a gobular protein.

40
Q

What are prions?

A

protein found in mammals found in nervous systme and are involved in synaptic tansmission, normal prions = PrP or PrPc, disease causing form = PrPsc (higher beta sheets copared to A helices)

41
Q

what are the two key features of disease causing prions?

A

they can replicate and are infectious.

42
Q

How can prion diseases occur?

A

Spontaneously, mutations in the DNA (passed from parent to offspring), eating contaminated food.

43
Q

What are the prion diseases?

A

Scrapie (sheep), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease), creutxfeldt-jakob disease (human version)

44
Q

What is the sub unit of a nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides = pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base. combined througyh condensation reaction phosphodiester bonds are linking the phosphate and the sugar.

45
Q

Diagram of a nucleotide?

A

Pg 16 in textbook.

46
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acid?

A

Deoxyribonucleicc acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA).

47
Q

Waht does the nature of base pairing ensure?

A

Adenine only pairs with thymine.

Guanine only pairs with cytosine.

48
Q

What are the three types of RNA and their functions?

A

messenger RNA - carries DNA code to where protein synthesis takes place.
transfer RNA - carries amino acids to mRNA/ =ribosomes protein synthesis takes place.
ribosomal RNA - forms over half the mass of each ribosome.

49
Q

Explain DNA replication?

A

The process that replicates the DNA molecule, must take place before chromosomes duplicate in mitosis and meiosis, enzyme DNA helicase unzips by breaking hydrogen bonds, allowing each original strand to become a template, free nucleotides link to templates following base pairing rules.

50
Q

Why is DNA replication called semi conservative replication?

A

Each of the new DNA molecules contain one original and one new strand of DNA.

51
Q

What are the key stages following the transfer to a medium containing the lighter 14N?

A

Bacteria growing in 14N (beofre transfer to 15N)
Bacteria growing in 15N (many generations from transfefr from 14N)
One generation after transfer to 14N
Two generations after transfer from 14N

52
Q

Explain how density graidient centrifugation was used to separate bacterial DNA following sampling at stages?

A

DNA constining lighter 14N accumulted near the top of the centrifuge tube, DNA consisting of heavy 15N formed zone near bottom of centrifuge tube.

53
Q

What is an explanation of Meselson and Stahl’s results?

A

After one generation - all DNA contains one strand of 14N and on strand of 15N.
After two generation - half the DNA has both strands 14N and half the DNA has one strand 14N and one strand 15N.

54
Q

Draw a diagram of the Meselson and Stahl’s?

A

Pg 20 of the textbook.

BIOLOGY A1 (12 decks)

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