Biological Molecules Flashcards
1
Q
What are large molecules called?
A
Macromolecules
2
Q
What are polymers?
A
Macromolecules that are composed of small, repeated molecules
3
Q
Monomers are:
A
Small molecules that form the polymers
4
Q
If molecules were a necklace the _______ are the whole necklace, and the _____ are the beads
A
Polymers, monomers
5
Q
When polymers are made, water is removed and the reaction is called :
A
Dehydration synthesis
6
Q
What is hydrolysis?
A
When polymers are broken apart, water is added
7
Q
What are the 3 kinds of carbohydrates?
A
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
8
Q
What are the 3 types of lipids?
A
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
9
Q
What are proteins made of?
A
Amino acids
10
Q
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
A
Dna and rna
11
Q
What are nucleic acids made of?
A
Nucleotides
12
Q
What elements do carbohydrates contain?
A
Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen
13
Q
What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a carbohydrates?
A
C1H2O1
14
Q
How many sugars do monosaccharides have?
A
One sugar
15
Q
What do you call a complex carbohydrates?
A
Polysaccharide (many sugars)
16
Q
What is the monomer of all the complex carbohydrates?
A
Glucose
17
Q
What is the function of glucose?
A
Rapidly mobilized source of energy
18
Q
What is the function of glycogen?
A
Long term energy storage in animals
19
Q
What is the function ofstarch?
A
Long term energy storage in plants
20
Q
What is the function of cellulose?
A
Structural in plants
21
Q
Glucose is an example of a _______ carbohydrate
A
Simple
22
Q
How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens does glucose have?
A
C6H12O6
23
Q
Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are ______ carbohydrates
A
Complex
24
Q
What are thepolymers for complex carbohydrates?
A
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
25
What are the 4 types of structures in complex carbohydrates?
Branched, unbranched, coiled, hydrogen bonded
26
What is the structure of cellulose?
Tightly packed, uncoiled and hard to digest
27
What is the structure of starch?
Coiled and may be branched
28
What is the structure of glycogen?
Coiled with extensive branching
29
Where is glycogen stored?
Liver and muscle
30
What monomer is starch composed of?
Glucose
31
The more branches a carbohydrate has, the ________
Easier it is to digest
32
The complex carbohydrate stored in plants for energy is?
Starch
33
Are lipids soluble in water?
No
34
What are the 3 types of lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
35
Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
36
What are the 3 functions of triglycerides?
Energy storage, insulation, protection of vital organs
37
What is the structure of triglycerides ?
A. Two fatty acids joined to one glycerol
B. Three fatty acids joined to one glycerol
C. Two lipids and an amino acid
D three lipids and two amino acids
B.
38
Butter, lard (animal fat), and vegetable oils are all examples of ________
Triglycerides
39
What is the structure of saturated fatty acids?
Carbon chain with no double bond
40
What is the structure of unsaturated fatty acids?
Carbon chain with at least one double bond
41
Animal fats contain mainly ______ fatty acids
Saturated
42
Vegetable oils are mainly _______ and ________ fatty acids
Unsaturated,polyunsaturated
43
Transfats are called ______ oils
Hydrogenated
44
Hydrogenated oils are ______ oils that have been chemically saturated so they will be _______ at room temperature
Unsaturated, solid
45
Omega-3s are a type of _______ fat
Unsaturated
46
Where is the carbon double bond located on an omega-3 fat?
Three carbons from the end
47
Omega means _______
End
48
What is the healthiest type of fat?
Omega-3
49
How do omega-3 protect against heart disease?
Reducing bad cholesterol
50
Where can you get omega-3 from?
Fatty fish (salmon,tuna),walnuts, flax
51
```
Which type of fatty acid does not contain a carbon-carbon double bond?
A. Polyunsaturated
B. Omega 3 unsaturated
C. Transfat
D. Saturated
```
Saturated
52
```
Triglycerides are so named because they are formed by a reaction between three fatty acid molecules and one ______
A. Amino acid
B. Glucose
C. Glycerol
D. Glycogen
```
Glycerol
53
What is the function of lipids?
Main component of cell membranes
54
What is the structure of phospholipids?
Glycerol + two fatty acids + a charged phosphate group + "R" group
55
What does amphipathic mean?
A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts to it
56
Are phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic ?
Neither, they are both. They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
57
The head of a phospholipid is the ______ end and the tail is the _____ end
Phosphate, lipid
58
Is the phosphate end of a phospholipid polar or nonpolar?
Polar and soluble in water
59
Is the lipid end of a phospholipid, soluble in water?
No, it is hydrophobic
60
What are the two types of steroids?
Hormones and cholesterol
61
What is the function of hormones?
Signaling between cells
62
What is the function of cholesterol?
part of the cell membrane
63
What structure do steroids have?
Four ring backbone, with side chains attached
64
Side chains make each steroid ________
Unique
65
Which lipid is the main component of membranes?
Phospholipids
66
Which complex carbohydrate is branched?
67
```
Which is not a complex carbohydrate?
A. Glycogen
B. Starch
C. Cellulose
D. Glucose
```
D. Glucose
68
What biological molecule is not coiled?
A. Starch
B. Cellulose
C. Glycogen
Cellulose
69
One function of proteins
Facilitate chemical reactions(enzymes), transport, movement of muscles, structure, cell signalling, nutrition, defense, components of cell membrane, immune response, hormones
70
Proteins are ______ made up of ________ acids
Polymers, amino
71
There are ______ amino acids
20
72
Each of the 20 amino acids have a different _____ for ______
Substitution, R
73
Amino acids that form proteins are linked by bonds called ________
Peptide bonds
74
Peptide bonds are formed through what?
Dehydration synthesis
75
What are polypeptides?
Chains of amino acids
76
Polypeptide chains needs to have at least how many amino acids to be considered proteins?
50
77
What shape are proteins folded into?
3 dimensional shape
78
What is a protein?
Polypeptide chains of at least 50 amino acids
79
What are the 4 distinct levels of structure that affect a protein's function in the body?
Primay, seconary, teritiary, quaternary
80
The structural features within a polypeptide chain occur within which level of structure?
Secondary
81
What are the structural features seen in the secondary structure?
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
82
What is going on during primary structure?
Amino acid sequence
83
The multiple polypeptides interacting happen during which distinct level of structure?
Quaternary
84
What happens during the tertiary structure?
Overall folding of a single polypeptide chain
85
What does the amino acid sequence determine?
Function and structure
86
What determines if amino acid forms coils or sheets?
Determined by primary structure
87
What kind of polypeptide chain can contain both a-helix and b pleated sheets?
Single polypeptide chain
88
What do chaperone proteins do?
Aide in folding of polypeptide chains
89
What is denaturation?
Changes in the chemical environment of a protein can cause it to lose its structure, resulting in a loss of function
90
What two things are the major causes of denaturation?
Temperature and/or pH
91
Which proteins have quaternary structure?
Those with more than one polypeptide chain
92
What level of structure refers to alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets in proteins?
Secondary
93
What level of structure refers to overall folding of a single ppc ?
Tertiary
94
What are enzymes ?
Proteins that help reactions to happen, speed up chemical reactions
95
What are the only types of reactions enzymes can speed up?
Reactions that would eventually happen, reactions that may take years
96
What are the 3 enzyme properties ?
Usually specific to their substrate, not consumed (destroyed) in the process, they have optimal conditions (pH, temperature)
97
Pepsin and trypsin are examples of ________
Digestive enzymes
98
Where is pepsin found?
Stomach
99
Which digestive enzyme is found in the intestine?
Trypsin
100
What is a substrate?
Molecule that is being changed in the reaction
101
What is the active site ?
Place in the enzyme where the substrate binds
102
What is the product?
The end result
103
What are the 2 functions of nucleotides?
Energy and cell metabolism
104
Atp is an example of
Energy
105
NAD+/NADH function in _____
Cell metabolism
106
What are nucleotides made up of?
Five carbon sugar, with attached phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base
107
What are the bases for nucleotides?
Adenine, thymine, vracil, guanine, cytosine
108
A nucleic acid is a _______ and a chain/chains of nucleotides is a ______
Polymer, monomer
109
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
110
What is the function of dna
Blueprint to make proteins
111
What is the function of rna
Protein synthesis
112
Is rna doublestranded or single stranded
Single
113
What are the nitrogenous bases in rna?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
114
What sugar does rna have?
Ribose
115
What do the 2 strands of dna form?
Double helix
116
What sugar does dna have
Deoxyribose
117
What nitrogenous base clues dna have?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
118
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
119
What is the monomer of protein?
Amino acids
120
What is the difference between a phospholipid and a triglyceride?
A. PL has glycerol, TG does not
B. PL has fatty acids, TG does not
C. PL has an R group, TG does not
Phospholipid has an r group, triglyceride does not
121
What is an example of an amino group?
H2N
122
What is an example of a carboxyl group?
-COOH
123
```
Which of the following is not found in ATP?
A. Sugar
B. A nitrogen containing base
C. A phosphate group
D. All of these are found in ATP
```
D.
124
```
You recieved your genetic material from your parents in the form of DNA. Your DNA provides your cells with instructions for making _______
A. Polysaccharides
B. Proteins
C. Cholesterol
D. Lipids
```
B
125
```
This nitrogenous base is found in rna but not in dna
A. Thymine
B. Guanine
C. Cytosine
D. Adenine
E. Uracil
```
Uracil
126
```
A complex carbohydrate that is made by plants and for long term energy is:
A. Chitin
B. Glycogen
C. Starch
D. Cellulose
```
C. Starch
127
Trans fats are _______ fats
A. Saturated
B. Unsaturated
Unsaturated
128
______ is the process of using water to break bonds
A. Dehydration synthesis
| B. Hydrolysis
129
```
What bond is formed between two amino acids?
A. Ether
B. Phosphodiester
C. Ionic
D. Peptide
E. Glycosidic
```
D-peptide
130
```
The monomer unit of complex carbohydrates are:
A. Nucleotides
B. Amino acids
C. Glucose
D. Thymine
```
Glucose
131
```
The monomer of a protein is a
A. Amino acid
B. Glucose
C. Guanine
D. Nucleotide
```
Amino acid
132
Glucose has a lot of________
OH
133
Amino acids have a ______ group
NH
