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A level biology - Topic 1 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Single monomer sugar e.g. glucose, galactose, fructose

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2
Q

What is a dissacharide?

A

Sugar made from two monosaccharide polymers e.g. maltose, sucrose, lactose

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3
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Polymers made from many monosaccharide (sugar) molecules e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose.

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4
Q

What reaction forms polysaccharides?

A

Condensation reaction

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5
Q

What reactions breaks down polysaccharides?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

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6
Q

What bond joins two sugar molecules?

A

Glycosidic bond

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7
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars?

A

Add equal volume of benedicts solution to the food sample, gently heat in a water bath, if sugar present it will turn red/orange

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8
Q

What is the test for non-reducing sugars?

A

If test for non-reducing sugar is negative take a fresh sample and add hydrochloric acid then neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. Then add equal volume of benedicts and repeat test for reducing sugar.

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9
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

Their H and OH groups are on different positions in the carbon ring

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10
Q

Give two adaptations of starch

A

Insoluble, large, compact, easily hydrolyzed/can be broken down easily

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11
Q

Give two adaptations of glycogen

A

Insoluble, compact, highly branched so can be broken down easily

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12
Q

Give two adaptations of cellulose

A

Long straight chains, chains run parallel, chains grouped in microfibrils, strong

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13
Q

Explain the difference between starch and cellulose

A

Starch is a coiled storage molecule.

Cellulose is a straight structural molecule

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14
Q

What is a trigylceride?

A

Molecule made from three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule

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15
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

Molecule made from two fatty acids, a glycerol molecule and a phosphate molecule

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16
Q

What bond joins fatty acids to glycerol?

A

Ester bond

17
Q

What reaction joins fatty acids to glycerol?

A

Condensation reaction

18
Q

Name some roles of lipids within the body

A

Source of energy, waterproofing, insulation, protection

19
Q

What do the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic mean?

A

Hydrophilic - Interacts/attracted to water

Hydrophobic - Moves away from water

20
Q

Give two adaptations of triglycerides

A

Good energy source, large amounts of energy in a small volume, insoluble, water source

21
Q

Give two adaptations of phospholipids

A

Polar so form bilayer (for cell membranes), can form glycolipids

22
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

Put 2cm^3 sample of food into a clean test tube and add 5cm^3 of ethanol. Shake tube thoroughly to dissolve. Add 5cm^3 water and shake. Cloudy emulsion indicates fat is present.

23
Q

Name the 4 key parts of an amino acid

A

Amino group, carboxyl groups, hydrogren atom, R group

24
Q

What bond joins amino acids together?

A

Peptide bond

25
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The combination/sequence of different amino acids joined together in the polypeptide

26
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

3D shape of the polypeptide chain caused by hydrogren bonds between the NH and CO groups

27
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Secondary structure that is twisted and folded by further bonds such as disulfide bridges, ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds

28
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

A complex molecule made from several different polypeptide chains that are linked together

29
Q

Explain why heat and pH can change the structure of a protein

A

Extreme heat and pH can break the bonds in the tertiary and secondary structures causing the protein to lose it’s 3D shape.

30
Q

What is the test for proteins?

A

Add biurets reagent to the sample and check for colour change. If it goes purple a protein is present.

31
Q

Name the two types of protein

A

Fibrous and globular

32
Q

Explain how fibrous proteins are suited to their function.

A

Structural function, closely packed, tightly wound, with several fibres twisted to form strong fibres.

33
Q

Explain how globular proteins are suited to their function.

A

Metabolic function, soluble molecules, specific shape.

34
Q

Give examples of different types of proteins within the body.

A

Enzymes, antibodies, haemoglobin, collagen, keratin, muscles ect.

A level biology - Topic 1 (3 decks)

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