1. Lipids I. Phospholipids II. Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols III. Sphingolipids IV. Cholesterol and steroids V. Waxes 2. Proteins I. Integral proteins 1. Transmembrane proteins A. Channels B. Receptors 1. Ligand-gated 2. G-coupled C. Transporters 2. Embedded Proteins II. Membrane-Associated/Peripheral Proteins 3. Carbohydrates I. Glycoproteins

Biological Membranes Flashcards by Phoenix K

Range of Plasma Membrane Functions

Serves as a selective barrier
A. Allow fat soluble molecules to enter
B. Block entrance of large, water-soluble
molecules
Regulate
1. signaling
2. Intracellular transport
3. Nutrient entrance
4. Waste Expulsion
5. Cell recognition
6. Action Potential Conductance

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Cell Membrane Composition

Lipids [phospholipids and cholesterol]
Proteins [channels, receptors, embedded proteins]
Carbohydrates [Glycoproteins that coat and signal]

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Fluid Mosaic Model

Theory that explains structure and function of the semipermeable phospholipid bilayer

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Compounds that Readily Commute b/w the Membrane Bilayer

Phospholipids
Lipid Rafts
Proteins
Lipids [w/ help of Flippases]

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Lipid Rafts

Cluster of identical lipids with or without associated proteins that participate in cell-signalling by serving as attachment points for other biomolecules.

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Flippases

Enzymes that aid phospholipid transportation across the two membranes of plasma membrane in an active transport process

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Membrane Components

Lipids
I. Phospholipids
II. Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols
III. Sphingolipids
IV. Cholesterol and steroids
V. Waxes
Proteins
I. Integral proteins
1. Transmembrane proteins
A. Channels
B. Receptors
1. Ligand-gated
2. G-coupled
C. Transporters
2. Embedded Proteins
II. Membrane-Associated/Peripheral Proteins
Carbohydrates
I. Glycoproteins

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Fatty Acids

I. One of the lipid components of plasma membrane
II. Consist of 2 varieties
A. UnSaturated
I. fat with at least 1+ double bond
II. Fluid at room T
III. Imparts fluidity to plasma membrane
IV. Meagerly synthesized in the body,
mostly ingested
B. Saturated
I. Fully saturated fatty acid
II. Solid at room T
III. Decreases fluidity of plasma membrane
IV. Main Component of animal fats
V. Unhealthy type of fat

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2 Essential Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Humans

Alpha-Linolenic Acid

2. Linoleinic Acid

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TriacylGlycerols

I. Energy storage in humans

II. Composed of 3 [saturated or unsaturated] fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule through esterification

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GlyceroPhospholipid

I. Preliminary component of plasma bilayer
II. Is composed of 2 fatty acids and one phosphate head
III. Gives rise to
1. Micelles
2. Liposome
3. Bilayer membrane
IV. Function as
1. Structural molecules
2. Second messengers
3. As attachment points for water soluble
components such as choline

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Waxes

I. Hydrophobic constituent of plasma cell membrane in plants, not animals
II. Impart stability & rigidity to cell membranes
III. Have high melting point due to long fatty acid chain and alcohol
IV. Provide waterproofing

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Transmembrane Proteins

Proteins that completely pass through the lipid bilayer

i. e.
1. Transporters
2. Channels
3. Receptors

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Embedded Proteins

Proteins that only associate with either the cytoplasm or with the extracellular surface of the lipid bilayer

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Integral Proteins

Combination of embedded and transmembrane proteins

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Membrane Associated Proteins

Proteins that associate with the lipid bilayer through lipid rafts or through electrical interactions
ex. G proteins

pg. 262

Cell Junctions

I. Pathways in between neighboring cells that enable their communication
II. Types: 
          1. Tight Junctions
         2. Gap Junctions
         3. Desmosomes

Tight Junctions

Paracellular Junctions that prevent solute and solution leakage b/w cells
-Highly effective in epithelial tissues, bladder, intestines and kidneys where leakage prevention is necessary to proper organ functioning

Gap Junctions

I. Junctions b/w cells that allow direct flow of water and solutes b/w cells
***Do not permit protein movement b/w cells
II. Effective in tissues that involve Action Potential Propagation

Desmosomes

Junctions in b/w cells that permit water and solute flow in between cells

anchor inside the cell’s cytoskeleton
are found in cells that undergo much stress
1. skin cells
2. Intestine cells

Membrane Transport

1. Passive Transport
            A. Simple diffusion
            B. Osmosis
            C. Facilitated Diffusion
2. Active Transport
3. Endocytosis
            A. Pinocytosis
            B. Phagocytosis
4. Exocytosis

Impact of Thermodynamics on Membrane Transport

–Spontaneous—[-H or enthalpy]—passive—-driven by
concentration gradient—-inc rate with inc T
–Nonspontaneous—-[+H]——-Active——driven by
intracellular energy sources—–rate may or may not
increase with inc T

Simple Diffusion

Process that involves movement of nonpolar, freely permeable particles down their gradient across the plasma membrane

Osmosis

A subcategory of simple diffusion that involves movement of water among neighboring cells depending on their solute concentration.
**Relative solute concentration of a given cell
compared to its neighboring cell or surrounding
can be:
1. Hypotonic
2. Hypertonic
or 3. . Isotonic

***Osmosis can be measured by Osmotic pressure

Osmotic Pressure

A Colligative Property Pressure associated with osmosis that results from influx of water into a hypertonic cell ****************Pi=iMRT*************************in units of atm i=van't hoff factor R= ideal gas constant T= absolute temperature in kelvin

Van't Hoff Factor

of particles to which a molecule divides after desolving in a solution

Colligative Property

Physical property of a solution that relies on concentration of a solute as opposed to its chemical identity i. e.: 1. Freezing point depression 2. Boiling point elevation 3. Vapor pressure depression 4. Osmotic pressure

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport of otherwise impermeable particles across the phospholipid bilayer through 1. Carriers & 2. Channels

Carriers

Transmembrane proteins, open to only one side of the lipid-bilayer at a time, that bind substrates and carry them through an occluded state and a conformation change before releasing them across the bilayer

Occluded State

A state of a carrier protein induced by binding and conformational change of a substrate where the carrier is not exposed to either side of a phospholipid bilayer

Channels

Proteins with either open or close conformations that allow diffusion of particles across the membrane

Active Transport

Membrane Transport that involves intracellular energy usage Types: 1. Primary Active Transport 2. Secondary Active Transport A. Symport---same direction movement B. Antiport---opposite movement

Primary Active Transport

Transport that involves direct power provision for particle transports across the membrane through a Transmembrane AtPase Ex. Source of Energy: ATP ***Used in maintaining neurogons****

Secondary/Coupled Active Transport

Transport that couples a spontaneous process to a nonspontaneous process to provide a source of energy for the nonspontaneous rxn/process ***Used in kidneys****

Pinocytosis

Endocytosis of liquid or dissolved particles triggered by their binding to the cell surface

Phagocytosis

Endocytosis of solid particles [ex. bacteria]

Exocytosis

Fusion of secretory vesicled compounds to the membrane of cells followed by their release in the extracellular region

Specialized Membranes

1. Membrane Potential 2. Mitochondrial Membrane [outer membrane with more influx of ions and proteins and inner membrane with more restricted transport]

Membrane Potential

*************Definition********************** Refers to the difference in electrical potential b/w the two membranes of a cell which results from the membrane's ion impermeability and ion channel selectivity giving rise to dissimilar electrochemical gradients on either side of the cell ***************Range***************** Resting Potential: -80 to -40 Depolarized Potential: +35 ***************************************** **************Extra******************* Maintained by combined activity of ATPases & Leaking Channels that permit ion diffusion