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Biological Compounds Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atom

A

Basic unit of matter consisting of a dense nucleus surrounded by electrons

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2
Q

Molecule

A

An electrically neutral group of two or more atoms in arrangement held by covalent bonds

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3
Q

Compound

A

Pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different elements that can be separated into simpler substances

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4
Q

Element

A

Pure chemical substance consisting if one type of atom
Distinguished by its atomic number(number of protons)

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5
Q

Ion

A

Charged particle formed by the loss of gain of one or more electrons

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6
Q

What are the most common elements in living organisms?

A

Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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7
Q

Role of Mg2+

A

Important component in chlorophyll= green pigment in plants which absorbs light
Animals= bones

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8
Q

What condition means plants don’t have magnesium so can’t make chlorophyll?

A

Chlorosis

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9
Q

Role of Fe2+

A

Constituent of haemoglobin which transports oxygen in red blood cells

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10
Q

Role of Po43-(phosphate)

A

Makes nucleotides/ component of nucleic acids like RNA, DNA and ATP in plants and animals
Constituent of phospholipids

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11
Q

Role of Ca2+

A

Strengthens bones, teeth and tissues in animals and plant cell walls
Structural

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12
Q

Why is water essential

A

All reactions of life rely on water and key elements are found dissolved in aqueous solutions
65-95% of the mass of many plants and animals

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13
Q

Dipole

A

A polar molecule with a positive and negative charge separated by a small distance

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14
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak attractive force between the partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom of one molecule and the partial negative charge on another atom, normally oxygen or nitrogen

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15
Q

Why is the ability to form hydrogen bonds good?

A

The large number of them makes molecules difficult to separate and gives A wide range of physical properties

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16
Q

Water surface tension

A

Cohesion at the surface produces this
At ordinary temp water has the highest besides mercury
Insects like pond skaters are supported

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17
Q

Cohesion

A

Multiple hydrogen bonds stick together in a lattice
This allows water to move up in xylem vessels and for habitats to be built

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18
Q

Water as a solvent

A

Called the “universal solvent”
Because of the fact it is a dipole they attract other polar molecules like glucose for chemical reactions
Animals: kidney filtering
Plants: soluble nutrients

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19
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

Large amount of heat energy is needed to raise its temperature
KE is reduced so temp change is stopped
prevents large fluctuations so habitats are stable

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20
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

Lots of heat is needed to change from liquid to vapour
Temperature control- heat is used to vaporise water from sweat or water on leaf
evaporation= cooling

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21
Q

Inorganic

A

A substance that doesn’t have more than one carbon atom

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22
Q

Organic

A

A substance that has multiple carbon atoms

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23
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic compounds made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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24
Q

Monomers

A

Smaller molecules from which larger molecules are made

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25
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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26
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A process where water is a byproduct of the joining of monomers

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27
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A process where water is added to break down larger molecules into monomers

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28
Q

Carbohydrate general formula

A

C(H2O)n

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29
Q

Monosaccharide and examples

A

An individual sugar molecule
Fructose, glucose and galactose

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30
Q

Triose

A

Monosaccharide with 3 carbon atoms

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31
Q

Pentose

A

Monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms

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32
Q

Hexose

A

Monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms

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33
Q

Glucose

A

A hexose sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O6

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34
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same chemical formula but with different arrangements of atoms

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35
Q

Disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides joined together

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36
Q

Maltose

A

A disaccharide formed from two alpha glucose molecules

37
Q

Sucrose

A

A disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose

38
Q

Sucrose

A

A disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose

39
Q

Lactose

A

A disaccharide formed from glucose and galactose

40
Q

Alpha glucose

A

Form of glucose where the OH- group is below

41
Q

Beta glucose

A

Form of glucose where the OH- group is above

42
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Complex carbohydrate made of many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

43
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group

44
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Energy source
Structural components
Signalling molecules

45
Q

Amylose and amylopectin structure

A

Amylose- coiled chained polymer of 1,4 glycosidic links
Amylopectin-branched polymer of 1,6 of adjacent glucose monomer

46
Q

Glycogen structure

A

-Alpha glucose polymer of 1,4 glycosidic links but many side chains(1,6 glycosidic)

47
Q

Cellulose structure

A

Beta glucose 1,4 glycosidic bonds straight chain
Each monomer 180 relative to next

48
Q

Chitin structure

A

long chains of beta 1,4 bonds but with acetyl amine group
Rotated 180 in relative

49
Q

What type of bonding happens between the OH groups of cellulose parallel chains?

A

Hydrogen bonding due to the cross links

50
Q

What does the branched structure mean for glucose

A

Easily removable
Insoluble so no osmotic
C-H give high energy 17 kJ/g-1

51
Q

Element for lipids

A

Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and phosphorus for phospholipids

52
Q

What state are unsaturated lipds

A

Liquid, oil

53
Q

What state are saturated lipids

A

Solid, fats

54
Q

Lipids are non polar so are?

A

Insoluble in water but in alcohols/propanone are as they are also insoluble

55
Q

Triglycerides functions

A

Energy reserves- more C-H bonds about 39kJg-1
Thermal insulation
Protection of internal organs
Metabolic water

56
Q

Triglyceride structure

A

one glycerol, 3 fatty acids

57
Q

What bond is present in Triglycerides

A

ester bonds

58
Q

Phospholipids function

A

Structural in biological membranes
Electrical insulation- axons

59
Q

Waxes function

A

Waterproofing- reduces water loss

60
Q

Saturated fat

A

Single C-C bonds only

61
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

double C=C bonds

62
Q

Monounsaturated

A

one c=c

63
Q

polyunsaturated

A

2 or more C=C

64
Q

lipids hydrolysis

A

fatty acids and glycerol

65
Q

phospholipid

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

66
Q

glycerol and carboxyl with water

A

glycerol=hydrophilic
carboxyl= hydrophilic

67
Q

main causes of heart disease

A

atherosclerosis
high blood pressure

68
Q

what lifestyle factors contribute to heart disease

A

saturated fat diet
smoking
lack of exercise
aging

69
Q

diet high in saturated fats

A

LDL builds up causing atheroma restricting blood flow= heart attack or angina

70
Q

HDL

A

carries harmful fats to the liver for disposal

71
Q

the higher the ratio of HDL:LDL

A

Lower risk of cardiovascular disease and CHD

72
Q

Protein elements

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur

73
Q

Protein general formula

A

R-CH(NH2)-COOH

74
Q

Amino acid

A

Has an amine group(basic) and carboxyl group (acidic)

75
Q

R group

A

Variable group- 20 types of amino acids

76
Q

Protein

A

polymer of amino acids

77
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two amino acids joined together by condensation with a peptide bond

78
Q

Primary structure

A

Sequence of AAs in a polypeptide chain by peptide bonds

79
Q

Secondary structure

A

folding of the polypeptide chain into an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

80
Q

What bonding in alpha helix

A

Hydrogen bonding between the =O on -CO groups and the -H on -NH

81
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Folding of the alpha helix to form specific 3D shapes

82
Q

Bonds in tertiary structure

A

Hydrogen
Ionic
Hydrophobic interactions

83
Q

Enzymes are examples of what structure

A

Tertiary

84
Q

Quaternary structure

A

2 or more polypeptide chains joined together

85
Q

Globular proteins

A

Fold into a ball shape
Hydrophobic R groups in, hydrophilic out

86
Q

Globular proteins functions

A

Water soluble
Metabolic role- enzymes, hormones, antibodies. eg. haemoglobin carries o2 with 4 tertiary structures

87
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

long fibres of regular repetitive sequences and cross links

88
Q

Fibrous proteins functions

A

Insoluble
structural roles, eg. collagen triple helix in tendons, bones, cartilage
ALSO myosin and keratin

Biological compounds (7 decks)

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