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Biological compounds > Biological Compounds > Flashcards

Biological Compounds Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

Basic unit of matter consisting of a dense nucleus surrounded by electrons

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2
Q

Molecule

A

An electrically neutral group of two or more atoms in arrangement held by covalent bonds

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3
Q

Compound

A

Pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different elements that can be separated into simpler substances

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4
Q

Element

A

Pure chemical substance consisting if one type of atom
Distinguished by its atomic number(number of protons)

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5
Q

Ion

A

Charged particle formed by the loss of gain of one or more electrons

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6
Q

What are the most common elements in living organisms?

A

Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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7
Q

Role of Mg2+

A

Important component in chlorophyll= green pigment in plants which absorbs light
Animals= bones

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8
Q

What condition means plants don’t have magnesium so can’t make chlorophyll?

A

Chlorosis

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9
Q

Role of Fe2+

A

Constituent of haemoglobin which transports oxygen in red blood cells

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10
Q

Role of Po43-(phosphate)

A

Makes nucleotides/ component of nucleic acids like RNA, DNA and ATP in plants and animals
Constituent of phospholipids

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11
Q

Role of Ca2+

A

harden/deposited bones, teeth and tissues in animals and plant cell walls
Structural

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12
Q

Why is water essential

A

All reactions of life rely on water and key elements are found dissolved in aqueous solutions
65-95% of the mass of many plants and animals

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13
Q

Dipole

A

A polar molecule with a positive and negative charge separated by a small distance

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14
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak attractive force between the partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom of one molecule and the partial negative charge on another atom, normally oxygen or nitrogen

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15
Q

Why is the ability to form hydrogen bonds good?

A

The large number of them makes molecules difficult to separate and gives A wide range of physical properties

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16
Q

Water surface tension

A

Cohesion at the surface produces this
At ordinary temp water has the highest besides mercury
Insects like pond skaters are supported

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17
Q

Cohesion

A

Multiple hydrogen bonds stick together in a lattice
This allows water to move up in xylem vessels and for habitats to be built

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18
Q

Water as a solvent

A

Called the “universal solvent”
Because of the fact it is a dipole they attract other polar molecules like glucose for chemical reactions
Animals: kidney filtering
Plants: soluble nutrients

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19
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

Large amount of heat energy is needed to raise its temperature
KE is reduced so temp change is stopped
prevents large fluctuations so habitats are stable

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20
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

Lots of heat is needed to change from liquid to vapour
Temperature control- heat is used to vaporise water from sweat or water on leaf
evaporation= cooling

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21
Q

Inorganic

A

A substance that doesn’t have more than one carbon atom

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22
Q

Organic

A

A substance that has multiple carbon atoms

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23
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic compounds made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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24
Q

Monomers

A

Smaller molecules from which larger molecules are made

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25
Polymers
Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together
26
Condensation reaction
A process where water is a byproduct of the joining of monomers
27
Hydrolysis
A process where water is added to break down larger molecules into monomers
28
Carbohydrate general formula
C(H2O)n
29
Monosaccharide and examples
An individual sugar molecule Fructose, glucose and galactose
30
Triose
Monosaccharide with 3 carbon atoms
31
Pentose
Monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms
32
Hexose
Monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms
33
Glucose
A hexose sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O6
34
Isomers
Compounds with the same chemical formula but with different arrangements of atoms
35
Disaccharide
A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides joined together
36
Maltose
A disaccharide formed from two alpha glucose molecules
37
Sucrose
A disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose
38
Lactose
A disaccharide formed from glucose and galactose
39
Alpha glucose
Form of glucose where the OH- group is below
40
Beta glucose
Form of glucose where the OH- group is above
41
Polysaccharide
Complex carbohydrate made of many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
42
Glycosidic bond
Type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group
43
Functions of carbohydrates
Energy source Structural components Signalling molecules
44
Amylose and amylopectin structure
Amylose- coiled chained polymer of 1,4 glycosidic links Amylopectin-branched polymer of 1,6 of adjacent glucose monomer
45
Glycogen structure
-Alpha glucose polymer of 1,4 glycosidic links but many side chains(1,6 glycosidic)
46
Cellulose structure
Beta glucose 1,4 glycosidic bonds straight chain Each monomer 180 relative to next
47
Chitin structure
long chains of beta 1,4 bonds but with acetyl amine group Rotated 180 in relative
48
What type of bonding happens between the OH groups of cellulose parallel chains?
Hydrogen bonding due to the cross links
49
What does the branched structure mean for glucose
Easily removable Insoluble so no osmotic C-H give high energy 17 kJ/g-1
50
Element for lipids
Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and phosphorus for phospholipids
51
What state are unsaturated lipds
Liquid, oil
52
What state are saturated lipids
Solid, fats
53
# solubility Lipids are non polar so are?
Insoluble in water but in alcohols/propanone are as they are also insoluble
54
Triglycerides functions
Energy reserves- more C-H bonds about 39kJg-1 Thermal insulation Protection of internal organs against impact Source of Metabolic water
55
Triglyceride structure
one glycerol, 3 fatty acids
56
What bond is present in Triglycerides
ester bonds
57
Phospholipids function
Structural in biological membranes Electrical insulation- axons
58
Waxes function
Waterproofing- reduces water loss
59
Saturated fat
Single C-C bonds only
60
Unsaturated fat
double C=C bonds atleast one
61
Monounsaturated
one c=c
62
polyunsaturated
2 or more C=C
63
lipids hydrolysis
fatty acids and glycerol
64
phospholipid
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
65
glycerol and carboxyl with water
glycerol=hydrophilic carboxyl= hydrophilic
66
main causes of heart disease
atherosclerosis high blood pressure
67
what lifestyle factors contribute to heart disease
saturated fat diet smoking lack of exercise aging
68
diet high in saturated fats
LDL builds up causing atheroma restricting blood flow= heart attack or angina
69
HDL
carries harmful fats to the liver for disposal
70
the higher the ratio of HDL:LDL
Lower risk of cardiovascular disease and CHD
71
Protein elements
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur
72
Protein general formula
R-CH(NH2)-COOH
73
Amino acid
Has an amine group(basic) and carboxyl group (acidic)
74
R group
Variable group- 20 types of amino acids
75
Protein
polymer of amino acids
76
Dipeptide
Two amino acids joined together by condensation with a peptide bond
77
Primary structure
Sequence of AAs in a polypeptide chain by peptide bonds
78
Secondary structure
folding of the polypeptide chain into an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
79
What bonding in alpha helix
Hydrogen bonding between the =O on -CO groups and the -H on -NH
80
Tertiary structure
Folding of the alpha helix to form specific 3D shapes
81
Bonds in tertiary structure
Hydrogen Ionic Hydrophobic interactions
82
Enzymes are examples of what structure
Tertiary
83
Quaternary structure
2 or more polypeptide chains joined together
84
Globular proteins
Fold into a ball shape Hydrophobic R groups in, hydrophilic out
85
Globular proteins functions
Water soluble Metabolic role- enzymes, hormones, antibodies. eg. haemoglobin carries o2 with 4 tertiary structures
86
Fibrous proteins
long fibres of regular repetitive sequences and cross links
87
Fibrous proteins functions
Insoluble structural roles, eg. collagen triple helix in tendons, bones, cartilage ALSO myosin and keratin

Biological compounds (7 decks)

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