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PSY 3105 > Biological Changes > Flashcards

Biological Changes Flashcards

1
Q

from 0-6, what do children have in common?

A

their bodies look very similar regardless of sex

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2
Q

major changes in females:
early, middle, late

A

early: breast buds start to form, hair growth, growth spurt starts
middle: menarche, end of growth spurt, fat deposition

Stops around 15-16

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3
Q

major changes in males:
early, middle, late

A

early: testes + genitals grow
middle: spermarche, growth spurt starts
late: more muscle + body hair

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4
Q

Puberty:

A

sexual reproduction changes

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5
Q

What system is associated with physical changes and regulates hormones to the body?

A

Endocrine system: 6-9, adrenals start to grow and produce DHEA (androgen) = pubic hair, odor, rough skin

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6
Q

What are the 3 key changes in puberty?

A
  1. rapid growth: in height + weight
  2. primary sex characteristics: hormonal changes: gonads + reproductive hormones
  3. secondary sex characteristics: breasts, muscle, hair growth
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7
Q

What makes up the Endocrine System:

A

Glands: organs that release hormones in the bloodstream

Hormones: substances secreted by the glands/ chemical messengers

GnRH neurons: in the brain - control the release of reproductive hormones into other glands (pituitary)

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Bean-sized/ under cortex
- produces hormones that act on the pituitary
- affects hunger, thirst, sexuality
- checks and responds to the levels of hormones in the blood
- activates GnRH neurons

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9
Q

What could cause/ happen if there is damage to the hypothalamus?

A

TBI’s, Infections

mood disorders, obesity

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10
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Pea-sized/ under hypothalamus
MASTER GLAND
- stimulates other organs to secrete hormones - knows when to pump estrogen/testosterone
- releases hormones before puberty that act on thyroid + adrenals (stress) to start secreting hormones

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11
Q

Adrenarche:

A
  • the first phase of puberty
  • maturation of the adrenals (around 6)
  • leads to first feelings of sexual attraction
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12
Q

What does ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) do?

A

regulates androgen production by the adrenals + gonads

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13
Q

cortisol:

A
  • Adrenals release this (stress hormone)
  • teens are sensitive to it - 0-100 rly quick
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14
Q

when the pituitary sends signals to the gonads, what hormones are secreted? what do they do?

A

LH + FSH
- for sperm and egg production
(gametes)

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15
Q

what sex hormones are found in males and females?

A

estrogen (estradiol): female
androgen (testosterone): men

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16
Q

what is the difference in sex hormones in males and females from childhood to ado?

A

female: 8x more estrogen, 4x more testosterone
males: 20x more testosterone, 2x more estrogen

17
Q

what percentage of fat do we need in our body to begin puberty? what does fat increase cause to increase?

A

23%
leptin increases which creates Kisseptin (influences GnRH secretion)

18
Q

Explain the hormone feedback loop:

A

The hypothalamus senses when a sex hormone level is too low, so it sends GnRH to the Pituitary which creates more LH and FSH to send to the gonads to produce more sex hormones

19
Q

3 processes in somatic development:

A

1: growth spurt
2. peak height velocity
3. epiphysis

20
Q

growth spurt:

A

dramatic increase in weight + height

21
Q

Peak height velocity:

A

the highest point of growth ( grow as fast as toddlers
girls: ass 8cm/year, boys add >9cm/year

22
Q

Asynchronicity:

A

different body parts develop at different rates -> unproportionate hands, head, etc…

23
Q

Epiphysis:

A

the closing of the ends of bones (growth is complete) = growing pains

24
Q

when do girls have their growth spurts? why do boys end up taller if they get theirs later?

A

around 11-12

when they start their growth spurt, they are already 4 inches taller than girls were when they started

25
Q

primary + secondary sex characteristics of girls

A

primary: sex organs, ovaries, menarche (uterus + vagina)

secondary: hair, sweat, rough skin, breast buds + breast growth

26
Q

primary + secondary sex characteristics of boys

A

Primary: testes + penis, spermarche (1st ejaculation), produce sperm very early

secondary: hair, sweat, rough skin, testes/scrotum

27
Q

The Secular Trend

A

there is a downward trend, pubery is hitting at a much earlier age - seen in low-middle income countries

28
Q

What is the consequence of the secular trend?

A

it places children at a higher risk for mental disorders + cancer

29
Q

Precocious puberty:

A

early puberty (clinical case)
- HPG activation = early
- breast + pubic hair before 8 - F
- genital development - before 9 - M

30
Q

What are 7 factors related to the secular trend?

A
  • thelarce
  • change in population: less disease, more healthcare
  • endocrine disruptors: nutrition (soy) + products (ex: nail polish)
  • more body fat, obesity
  • step father presence
  • family stress
  • SES + stress
31
Q

Maturational Deviance Hypothesis

A

any deviance from the norm = a higher risk for risky behaviours, mental health problems (more stress for not fitting in etc.)

32
Q

sleep: delayed phase preference

A

adolescents tend to stay up late + sleep in

go to bed at 2-1am and wake up 10am

patterns are different on the weekend/weekdays

33
Q

what is the link between cortisol and sleep in puberty?

A

cortisol goes up and is the highest in the morning
- cortisol = more sleep problems

34
Q

LH and sleep

A

when entering puberty, LH goes up during sleep which makes you wake up later

35
Q

Melatonin and sleep

A

comes from the penial gland
- we make less of it in adolescence
- regulates sleep-wake and affects kisseptin

36
Q

Other factors that affect sleep

A

screen time, sleep habits, blue light, physical activity

PSY 3105 (4 decks)

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