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Psychology Unit 1 > Biological Basis of Psychology Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Biological Basis of Psychology Lecture 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Glia Cells

A

Provide nourishment and oxygen to neurons

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2
Q

Neurons

A

Basic building blocks of the nervous system

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3
Q

What are neurons?

A

Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information

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4
Q

Soma

A

Cell body of the neuron

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5
Q

What are Dendrites and what do they do?

A
  1. Neurons bushy branching extensions
  2. They receive messages and conduct impulses towards the soma
  3. They are short
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6
Q

What are Axons and what do they do?

A
  1. Very long tail like extension; the transmitting parts of neurons
  2. Pass messages from the soma of one neuron to the soma soma of another neuron
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7
Q

what is a Myelin Sheath and what does it do?

A
  1. Fatty layer of tissue that insulates axons
  2. Allows neurotransmitter signals to be efficiently and properly be sent to synapses?
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8
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Where axon and dendrites meet, this is where the synapse is

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9
Q

Synapses

A

Points where axons interconnect

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10
Q

Describe the pathway of neurotransmitters in the brain

A

Information is received at the dendrites, then passed through the soma, along the axon, and is transmitted to other soma dendrites at synapses

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11
Q

what are neurons separated by?

A

Synaptic cleft

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12
Q

What is a synaptic cleft?

A

A microscopic gap between one neuron and another neuron

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13
Q

Action Potential

A

A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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14
Q

What do neurons generate from chemical charges?

A

Electricity

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15
Q

What does the process of generating electricity from chemical charges involve?

A

The exchange of ions

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16
Q

Neurons signal an impulse called ________?

A

Action Potential

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17
Q

What happens when a neuron fires? and why is this significant?

A

Channels in its cell membrane open briefly allowing positively charged sodium ions to rush into the axon.

It’s significant because this means that for an instant the fluid interior of the axon is positively charged. It also means the neurons charge is less negative creating action potential.

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18
Q

Resting potential

A

The axon is at a state of resting potential when nothing is happening

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19
Q

What happens to the fluid interior of a resting axon? and what does this mean for the axon?

A

It has excess of negatively charged ions, whereas the outside of the axon has more positively charged ions.

This means the axon had a positive exterior and negative interior.

Generally when this is the case the axon is not triggering a chemical signal so its not in the process of sending out a message.

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20
Q

What does action potential do?

A

Stimulates the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

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21
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another

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22
Q

What is a neurotransmitter that starts with A that we focused on? and what does it do?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Plays a role in learning and memory

Messenger between motor neurons and skeletal muscles

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23
Q

What happens if acetylcholine doesn’t get to certain parts of the body/ certain muscles?

A

Those muscles cannot move

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24
Q

A person with inadequate amounts of the neurotransmitter ______ usually have Alzheimers?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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25
Q

Acupuncture works by playing with the amount of ______ released to parts of the body?
(name the neurotransmitter)

A

Endorphins

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26
Q

Someone who is not getting proper amounts of acetylcholine to their muscles might have _____________?
(disorder)

A

Paralysis

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27
Q

The brains naturally occurring happy pills: ____________

A

Endorphins

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28
Q

Endorphins

A

Brains naturally occurring opiates

have been linked to pleasure and control

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29
Q

What neurotransmitter controls pain?

A

Endorphins

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30
Q

Why is it that when you take more drugs your body needs more drugs overtime to achieve the same high feeling?

A

Your body is in a state of homeostasis, and it’s constantly trying to maintain this state. When you initially take drugs you get an initial high but over time your body adjusts to that amount of drug being produced and it starts to naturally produce less endorphins to maintain homeostasis. Therefore to get the same high you once got you need to intake more.

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31
Q

Dopamine

A

Associated with physiological and psychological effects

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32
Q

Medication for ________ and schizophrenia disorder can artificially _______ the other disorder

A

parkinsons

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33
Q

Gaba

A
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34
Q

Anxiety disorders are associated with what neurotransmitters?

A

GABA and Glutamate

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35
Q

Glutamate

A
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36
Q

Norepinephrine

A
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37
Q

Serotonin

A
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38
Q

what does SSRI stand for? and what do SSRI’s do?

A

Selective re-uptake inhibiters

Block receptors that reabsorb chemical serotonin so serotonin can be more available to individuals and to allow serotonin to get to the intended target

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39
Q

True or False: Normally a brain is not supposed to absorb serotonin?

A

TRUE

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40
Q

Someone with insufficient production of _______ has psychological Parkinson’s disease?

When treating this disease, an overdose in this medicine can cause _______ also known as a symptom of schizophrenia disorder?

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. hallucinations
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41
Q

The Nervous System

A

The body’s electrochemical communication network

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42
Q

What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system and the Peripheral Nervous system

43
Q

Central Nervous system consists of?

A

Brain and Spinal cord

44
Q

Peripheral Nervous system consists of?

A

Sensory receptors, muscles, and glands

45
Q

What are the two components of a peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic Nervous system and the Autonomic Nervous system

46
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles

Through the somatic nervous system the brain can send messages to lift our arms or move our feet

47
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

controls glands and muscles of internal organs. Influences important functions like heart beat, digestion, anything with glands

48
Q

What are the two subparts of the parasympathetic nervous system?

And

What are their functions?

A

Sympathetic nervous system: arouses and expends energy (stress)

Parasympathetic: conserves energy

49
Q

When you are walking down the street and you get a sense of a shady person following you, you feel alarmed and frightened. _________ system kicks in and prepares you for the encounter by cooling you down with perspiration, increasing your heart beat, and slowing down your digestion?

A

Sympathetic

50
Q

After a scary encounter your _____ system calms your heartbeat, lowers your blood pressure and stops you from sweating, increases digestion, thus overtime signaling you to calm down.

A

Parapsympathetic

51
Q

True or false: the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems work together to keep you at a steady internal state?

A

TRUE

52
Q

Central nervous system consists of both the ____ and the _____. What do those things do?

A

Spinal cord: connects peripheral nervous system to the brain
Brain: enables us to act, think, and feel

53
Q

How does the brain communicate with the rest of the body?

A

Through the nervous system and through the endocrine system

54
Q

endocrine system

A

Set of glands that secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into the bloodstream, can effect tissue throughout the whole body including the brain

55
Q

Nervous system

A

Neurotransmitters, faster and more specific than the endocrine system

Messages from here are more targeted and get to target quicker

56
Q

Endocrine system

A

Hormones, Slower, less targeted and less specific than neurotransmitters

effect other cells in the process

57
Q

would Hormones or neurotransmitters have a longer lasting effect?

A

Hormones

58
Q

Endocrine system

A

tends to outlast the effect of neural messages, Helps us to understand why we continue to feel upset even after we are aware there is no reason to be upset about a given situation

59
Q

The most influential endocrine gland is the ______ gland. describe it

A

Pituitary gland: pea sized structure located in the middle of the brain

60
Q

If you have an issue with you pituitary gland you will experience both _______ and ______ symptoms at the same time

A

Psychological and Physiological

61
Q

More about endocrine system have classmates help you out with this slide

A
62
Q

What are some ways to explore the living brain? Define them

A

CT Scan (computerized tomography scan): examines aspects of the brain structure

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): produces a high-resolution of the brain structure

fMRI(functional MRI): Reveals both structure and functioning of the brain (looks at functioning in real time)

PET Scans: Maps brain activity (looks at brain activity in real time)

63
Q

The spinal cord ______ as it enters the skull meeting point of the spinal cord and the brain

A

Swells

64
Q

what are the 4 main parts of the brain?

A

Hind brain
Brainstem
Midbrain
Forebrain

65
Q

The hindbrain includes two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem what are they?

A

Medulla and the Pons

66
Q

Medulla

A

attached to the spinal cord, in charge of unconscious but essential functions

67
Q

Give two examples of essential unconscious functions the medulla is in charge of

A

Heart beat and breathing

68
Q

Pons

A

Coordinate movements, regulates sleep and arousal

69
Q

What is behind the hind brain? describe it

A

Cerebellum; “little brain” (two wrinkled halves)

70
Q

What functions does the cerebellum hold?

A

Critical to the coordination of voluntary movement and equilibrium

71
Q

Damage to the cerebellum disrupts ________ skills. Give an example

A

fine motor

damage to the cerebellum would cause a person to have a harder time balancing, writing, and typing

72
Q

the mid brain

A

Concerned with sensory processes and controls many important functions
for example: locating where things are in space, controls visual and auditory systems

the origin of an important system of dopamine-releasing axons

73
Q

Reticular formation

A

Runs through the hindbrain and the midbrain
finger shaper network of neurons that extends from the spinal cord to the thalamus
Contributes to the modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing and the perception of pain
Regulates sleep and wakefulness

74
Q

The ________ _______ is essential to our brain remaining alert

A

reticular formation

75
Q

The forebrain

A

largest most complex region of the brain
encompasses a variety of structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum

76
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest and most complex part of the human brain.
Includes areas responsible for our most complex mental activities, including learning, remembering, thinking, and consciousness itself.

77
Q

Thalamus

A

structure in the forebrain through which sensory information except smell pass through

known as sensory switch board

78
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates biological drives, directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system through pituitary glands, linked to emotion and reward

79
Q

The cerebrum

A

Divided into right and left halves called cerebral hemispheres

80
Q

What is the cerebrum covered by?

A

Cerebral cortex

81
Q

The two hemispheres descend to a structure called ________

A

Corpus callosum

82
Q

How many lobes does each hemisphere have

A

4

83
Q

what are the 4 lobes the cerebrum’s hemisphere consist of

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

occipital lobe is responsible for vision
temporal lobe: think tempo, having damage can result in difficulty understanding words and deafness?
frontal lobe: good and bad judgement executive part of brain
parietal lobe: controls touch (parents telling you not touch)

84
Q

Each hemispheres primary sensory and motor connections are to the _______ side of the body (except for sight)

A

opposite

85
Q

when you are sensing something to the right you are seeing with receptors on the ______ side of ______ eye

anything you sense on the left side is being seen with receptors on the ______ side of ______ eye

A
  1. left side, each
  2. right, each
86
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A

Executive, overside and suppress socially, plays a role in identifying similarities and differences between things
unacceptable responses, functions if I do x y will occur , choosing between good and bad , better and best alternatives

87
Q

Hemispheric specialization is apparent after ______ damage

A

brain

88
Q

1961, researchers attempted to stop epileptic seizures by severing the corpus callosum what were the results of the experiment ??

A

Seizures = esentially eliminated
personality and intellect intact
Ability to name and describe objects depended on the side of the visual field and image appeared

An image shown to the right visual field meant that patients could verbally identify the object they had seen

An image shown to the left visual field meant that patients could see the image but could not verbally identify that they had seen the image nor could they say what they saw. Regardless of hand dominance they could however draw the image they saw with their left hand.

This proved that the left hemisphere plays a critical role in speaking and language

89
Q

Left Hemisphere is in charge of _____ processing such as_____________________

A
  1. verbal
  2. reading, writing, mathematical reasoning
90
Q

Right Hemisphere is in charge of _____ processing such as_____________________

A
  1. Non-verbal processing
  2. visual-spatial and musical tasks; perception
91
Q

The reason you are able to recognize yourself in a really blurry picture of yourself is because the _______ hemisphere helps us orchestrate a sense of self

A

right

92
Q

Heredity and behavior is impacted by ______ and _____

A

nature and nurture

93
Q

Nature and nurture means

A

Effect of genetics on a person effect of society/ community on a person

94
Q

what are two studies you can measure the impact of heredity

A

Family and twin studies

adoption studies

95
Q

Family and Twin studies

A

focus on the influence of nature on behavior / focuses on genetic relatedness of individuals and how it effects various traits in order to study the influence of nature on behavior
ex: identical twins vs fraternal twins

96
Q

Adoption studies

A

focuses on the influence of nature and nurture on behavior

adopted children’s traits can be compared to their biological parents and siblings traits. If they resemble the traits of adoptive parents it shows the role of nurture on behavior

97
Q

What is the best way to observe adoption studies?

A

with identical twins who grew up in different families

98
Q

dominant genes

A

Expressed genes

99
Q

Recessive genes

A

Masked genes

100
Q

Homozygous for a trait

A

two of the same alleles present

101
Q

heterozygous for a trait

A

Two different alleles present for a trait

102
Q

Genotype

A

Refers to a person genetic makeup

103
Q

Phenotype

A

refers to a person observable characteristics manifested by genotype

104
Q

what are the two parts of the limbic system?

A

amygdala and hippocampus: memory processing

amygdala in charge of fear response

Psychology Unit 1 (11 decks)

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