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Psych 101 > Biological Basis of Behaviour > Flashcards

Biological Basis of Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

NT that activates motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles

A

Acetylcholine

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2
Q

NT that contributes to regulation of attention, arousal and memory

A

Acetylcholine

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3
Q

An agonist for Acetylcholine

A

Nicotine

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4
Q

An antagonist for Acetylcholine

A

Curare

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5
Q

Deterioration of ACh neurons is involved in what disease?

A

Alzheimers Disease

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6
Q

Acetylcholine is excitatory/inhibitory?

A

excitatory

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7
Q

Monamines include what 3 NT’s?

A

dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin

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8
Q

NT that contributes to control of voluntary movement

A

Dopamine

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9
Q

NT that is involved with the reward system of the brain

A

Dopamine

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10
Q

Depletion of dopamine is involved with which disease?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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11
Q

Cocaine, nicotine and amphetamines directly/indirectly lead to an increase of which NT by inhibiting reuptake?

A

Dopamine

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12
Q

NT involved in sleep and wakefulness, eating and aggression

A

Serotonin

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13
Q

Abnormal levels of this NT can produce depression and or OCD

A

Serotonin

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14
Q

Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

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15
Q

What is the most common NT?

A

Glutamate

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16
Q

NT assumed to be involved with memory storage

A

Glutamate

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17
Q

NT with a key role in long term potentiation for learning

A

Glutamate

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18
Q

Is GABA inhibitory or excitatory?

A

inhibitory

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19
Q

NT plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system, acts to relax muscles (opp. of ACh)

A

GABA

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20
Q

most sedative, anti-anxiety drugs are designed to enhance the effects of which NT?

A

GABA

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21
Q

Agonists

A

enhance receptor site activity, mimic action of a NT

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22
Q

Antagonists…

A

decrease receptor site activity

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23
Q

example of agonist

A

nicotine is an agonist for ACh

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24
Q

example of antagonist

A

schizophrenia drugs block dopamine receptors

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25
Q

Spider Venom and Botulinum example

A

spider venom causes ACh to be released

Botulinum inhibits ACh (major organs shut down)

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26
Q

How does nicotine affect ACH

A

mimics ACh, stimulates receptor molecules

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27
Q

How does curare affect ACh?

A

blocks receptor molecules, antagonist

28
Q

what composes the CNS?

A

the brain and spinal cord

29
Q

what composes the PNS?

A

nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord

30
Q

the 2 subdivisions of the PNS

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

31
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors

32
Q

In the somatic Nervous System what is the difference between Afferent and Efferent Nerve fibres?

A

Afferent- Axons that carry info inward to the CNS from the body
Efferent- Axons that carry info outward from the CNS to the body

33
Q

What is the autonomic Nervous System?

A

nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, muscles and glands

34
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic Division and Parasympathetic Division

35
Q

What are the responsibilities of the Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • prepares us for action (for emergencies)

- slows digestive processes, increase heart rate, increase respiration, secretion of adrenal hormones

36
Q

What are the responsibilities of the Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • prepares us for relaxation
  • promotes digestion, slows heartbeat, lowers blood pressure
  • conserves bodily resources
  • uses hormones
37
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

-“the master gland” that controls other bodily glands and is under control of the hypothalamus

38
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

A
  • release epinephrine (adrenaline), and cortisol during physical and psychological stress
  • activated by sympathetic nervous system
39
Q

Sexual Reproductive Glands

A
  • testes produce testosterone

- ovaries produce estrogen

40
Q

Hindbrain is composed of what 3 parts?

A

Medulla, pons, reticular formation

41
Q

what is the medulla

A

responsible for vegetative function, heartbeat and breathing

42
Q

What are the pons?

A
  • connects medull and thalamus and brainstem with cerebellum

- sleep, arousal, and connects cerebellum with the brain stem

43
Q

What is the reticular formation

A
  • thick bundle of fibres

- regulates sleep and wakefulness and modulates muscle reflexes, breathing and pain perception

44
Q

Where is the midbrain?

A

between hindbrain and forebrain

45
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

bundle of cells that has the highest concentration of dopamine

46
Q

Forebrain is composed of 4 important parts?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebrum

47
Q

what is the thalamus?

A

structure through which all sensory info (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex

48
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

a structure involved in basic biological needs, link between the brain and the endocrine system

49
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

largest part of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the cerebral hemispheres and the corpus callosum

50
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

the convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum, folded to increase surface area

51
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A
  • a structure that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres

- thick bundle of fibres

52
Q

What are the responsibilities of the right and left hemispheres?

A

Left- handles verbal processing (language, speech, reading and writing), controls and receives info from right side of body
Right- handles non verbal processing (spatial, musical and visual), controls and receives info from the left side of the body

53
Q

What is EEG

A
  • a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp
  • can see what activity is happening under the electrode
  • overview of ELECTRIC activity in the brain
54
Q

What is a CT scan?

A
  • computer enhanced x-ray of the brain structure
55
Q

What is ESB (electrical stimulation of the brain)?

A

send a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate) it

56
Q

What is TMS

A

technique (using a magnetic field) that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain

57
Q

What is lesioning?

A

destroying a piece of the brain

58
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

-examine brain function, mapping actual activity in the brain over time

59
Q

What is a MRI?

A
  • uses magnetic fields, radio waves and computer enhancement to map out brain structures
  • better than CT scan because the produce 3D images with high resolution
60
Q

What is fMRI?

A
  • new variance of MRI that monitors blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain to identify areas of high activity
  • better than PET scan because it is more precise
61
Q

Global slowing – a theory about age-related changes in cognition – states that neural transmission is slower in old than young brains. What factors might be contributiong to this slowing?

A

loss of myelin sheath on neurons that allow for impulses to travel more quickly down the axon

62
Q

If you had access to a fMRI machine (as opposed to another kind of brain imaging machine), what would you be able to study?

A

you can monitor blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain to identify areas of high activity when certain stimulus is presented

63
Q

What device/method/equipment would you use if you want to learn about the brain events which occur within 300 ms of hearing a surprising sound?

A

ERP (gives you precise time but not location) whereas fMRI is precise with location but not time

64
Q

A patient presents with problems in language comprehension (s/he is able to speak fluently & clearly). Which area of the brain is likely to have been damaged?

A

The left hemisphere is likely to have been damaged

65
Q

What behavioral change will you likely see if as a result of a tumor, a persons amygdalae are damaged?

A

They would experience loss of emotion

66
Q

What contribution is made by the cerebellum when driving a car?

A

it coordinates the muscle movement needed to steer, push the gas and brake and eye movement to see upcoming obstacles

Psych 101 (6 decks)

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