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EPPP > Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Includes somatic and autonomic NS.
Somatic = sends/receives sensory messages for voluntary motor movement
Autonomic = automatic or involuntary bodily functions (e.g., heart rate, breathing)

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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Part of the Peripheral NS. Regulates automatic/involuntary bodily functions.
Divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

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3
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Peripheral NS -> Autonomic NS -> one of two parts in ANS

The body’s “mobilizing” system or fight/flight system

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4
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Peripheral NS -> Autonomic NS -> one of two parts in ANS

The body’s “energy conserving” system

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5
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Consists of spinal cord and the brain with sensory and motor neurons

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6
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

(Subcortical)

Allows for communication between hemispheres.

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7
Q

Limbic System

A

(Subcortical)
Forms the inner border of the cortex; referred to as the “primitive” brain. Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and septum

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8
Q

Thalamus

A

(Subcortical -> Limbic System).

The major sensory relay center of the brain. Receives and processes sensory information (except smell)

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9
Q

Hypothalamus

A

(Subcortical -> Limbic System).

Serves a major role in homeostasis (e.g., regulating temp., hunger, thirst, sex, circadian clock, etc.)

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10
Q

Hippocampus

A

(Subcortical -> Limbic System).

Memory consolidation; stores new info and events of lasting memories

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11
Q

Amygdala

A

(Subcortical -> Limbic System).

Attaches emotional significance to sensory input (e.g., fear response, aggression, emotional memory)

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12
Q

Septum

A

(Subcortical -> Limbic System).

Moderates or decreases aggression. Damage can result in septal rage syndrome.

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13
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

(Subcortical).
Regulation and coordination of movement and with establishing posture.
An inhibitory function (putting on the brakes on movement)
Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease implicated

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14
Q

Pons and Medulla

A

(Brain stem)

Involved in sleep (REM), respiration, movement, and cardiovascular activity

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15
Q

Reticular Formation

A

(Brain stem)

Important for awareness, attention, and sleep

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16
Q

3 Main parts of a Neuron

A 
Dendrites = receive information at receptor sites 
Cell Body (soma) = integrates information 
Axon = transmits information via axon terminals
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17
Q

Action Potential

A

An electrical impulse that creates cell to cell communication.
At rest, outside cell has excess of sodium (Na+), and inside has excess of potassium (K+)
When a stimulus of sufficient charge reaches neuron, sodium (Na+) rushes into cell and creates an electrical impulse. Potassium (K+) moves outside the cell

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18
Q

All or Nothing Principle

A

Concept that cell, once sufficiently stimulated, will fire to its fullest extent.

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19
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Two types: agonist (enhances effect of NT) and antagonist (inhibits NT effect)

Two classifications: Exitatory (likely to increase likelihood of action potential) and inhibitory (likely to decrease action potential)

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20
Q

Acetlycholine (Ach)

A

Involved in voluntary motor movement (e.g., black widow spider poison effects this NT) and memory/cognition (e.g., AD is thought to effect this NT)

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21
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

(one of two Catecholamine)
Involved in thought, movement, and emotion; linked to reward system

excess of this NT (schizophrenia) and decrease of this NT (e.g., Parkinson’s disease)

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22
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

(one of two Catecholamine) or noradrenalin
Involved in mood

Decrease of this NT (depression)

23
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Involved in mood, sleep, appetite, aggression, sexual activity, and pain perception. Produced by dietary modification of tryptophan.

Decrease of this NT (mood disorders)

24
Q

GABA and Glycine

A

(An amino acid)
Inhibitory NT in the CNS. Have a calming effect

Decrease of this NT (anxiety, epilepsy)

25
Q

Glutamate

A

(An amino acid)
Involved in mediation of fast excitatory synaptic transmission; Most common NT

Abnormal levels may result in schizophrenia, OCD, autism, and depression

26
Q

Delerium

A

Rapid onset
Fluctuating course
Impairment in attention and awareness
Usually reversible

27
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A 
Most common major NCD (80% of all cases)
5.2 to 5.4 million in US have it
Prevalence increases with age
Women > men 
progressive course 
Hallmark feature: memory impairment
Drug treatment: Aricept and Cognex
28
Q

Major Vascular NCD

A

Second most common NCD (10-15% of all cases)
Ratio 2:1 (Males:Females)
Onset is typically abrupt, course stepwise
Age of onset typically younger than AD

29
Q

Major NCD with Lewy Bodies

A

Similar to AD but include visual hallucinations, sleep disturbance, and muscle rigidity or other PD features
Abnormal aggregations of protein alpha-synuclein (found in PD)

30
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Movement disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and shuffling gait
Neurocog Sx present as disease progresses
Major NCD due to this is considered subcortical, affecting speed and ExFn

31
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Sx present around 30 to 50 years of age
Early Sx include changes in personality and mood
Progressively deteriorating disease to major NCD
Choreiform movements (frequent, discrete, brisk jerking movements)
50% chance of passing it along to children

32
Q

Major Frontotemporal NCD

A

Umbrella NCD term of disorders that affect the frontal and temporal lobes
Sx include: personality, disinhibition, behavioral changes, language deficits

33
Q

Major NCD due to HIV infection

A

Secondary to specific viral infection

Sx include cognitive (memory, Att/Conc, and language), motor, and Bx/mood changes

34
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

Rare, degenerative, fatal brain disorder
Average time from onset to death is 4-6 months
Results from an infectious misfold of protein (prion) that triggers other proteins throughout the brain to misfold

35
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Results from pathological accumulation of CSF
Wet, Wobbly, Wild
or
Urinary incontinence, unsteady gait, and confusion

36
Q

NCD due to TBI

A

Secondary to head injury insult

may have PTA, LOC, structural changes

37
Q

Substance/Medication induced Major NCD

A

NCD secondary to a substance

e.g., Korsakoff’s syndrome (thiamine deficiency)

38
Q

Pseudodementia

A

NCD that results from depression
Typically in older adults
This disorder typically retains insight into Cog Sx while other NCD lose insight

39
Q

Gate Control Theory of pain

A

Melzak and Wall
Refers to theory that sensations of pain are not directly related to activation of pain receptors, but rather they are mediated by neural gates in the spinal cord that allow these signals to the pain. Pressure (like rubbing area) can close the gate

40
Q

Centralization of Pain Theory

A

Sensitization to pain occurs when the brain is exposed to repeated pain signals or nerve stimulation

41
Q

Two main types of sleep

A

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM)

42
Q

Two types of waves when awake

A

Beta waves = characterize alertness and attention

Alpha waves = relaxation

43
Q

Sleep cycle stages

A

Stage 1: light sleep (theta waves)
Stage 2: Body temp decreases, heart rate slows, sleep spindle activity
Stage 3: Transition between light and deep sleep (delta waves)
Stage 4: Deep sleep (delta waves)
Stage 5/REM: increased respiration rate and brain activity; muscles most relaxed; dreaming occurs

44
Q

Effects of sleep deprivation

A

impairs memory, concentration, and decision-making
disrupts metabolism
increases stress hormones

45
Q

Two seizure types

A

Generalized and partial

46
Q

Generalized seizures

A

Affect the entire brain and involve LOC

Two types: tonic clonic and absence

47
Q

Tonic Clonic seizures

A

(Generalized)
Also called grand mal
LOC and tonic activity (stiffening) followed by clonic (jerking)

48
Q

Absence

A

(Generalized)
Also called petit mal
Lasts 1 to 30 seconds and begin with brief LOC
followed by blinking, roling of the eyes, blank stare, and slight mouth movements; posture retained

49
Q

Partial seizures

A

Affects a specific area of one hemisphere

Two types: simple and complex

50
Q

Simple partial seizures

A

(Partial)

No LOC; retained awareness

51
Q

Complex partial seizures

A

(Partial)
LOC; commonly has automatism
Frequently preceded by an aura; commonly resulting from temporal lobe epilepsy

52
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A

Treatment that involves electric currents passing through areas of the brain to treat mental illness.
Used to treat severe depression and treatment-resistant bipolar, acute psychosis, or catatonia
May have some amnesia afterwards and possibly permanent

53
Q

General Adaption Syndrome

A

Hans Selye’s model of response to long-term stress
Alarm = fight/flight response
Resistance = alarm resolves as body adapts
Exhaustion = Body becomes exhausted; significant decline in health

54
Q

Health Belief Model

A

Rosenstock’s model posits that in addition to psychosocial factors, there are six constructs that predict health behavior; helps to design interventions for habitual unhealthy behaviors

EPPP (4 decks)

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