Biological ATB Flashcards
Maguire 2000
Aim, Participants, Procedure & Results
Aim: Role of Hippocampus in spatial memory & Navigation skills experienced by LTD who have extensive knowledge of the city’s road system
Participants: 50 ND & 16 D (32-62 y/o, right-handed, 2 years training, ≈ 14 years of experience)
Procedure: MRI Scans
Results: The posterior Hippocampus of LTD had increased grey matter in comparison to ND.
Positive correlation between navigation experience & volume of the right posterior hippocampus. The hippocampus is linked with Spatial Memory
Antonova 2011
Aim, Participants, Procedure & Results
Aim: The effect of blocking the NT ACH receptor with antagonist Scopolamine on spatial memory
Participants: 20 healthy males (≈28 y/o)
Procedure: Double-Blind Experiment. Participants were allocated into either scopolamine or placebo group. They were injected 70–90 minutes before the task. MRI scans were taken before, after and 3 weeks later after the task. They were engaged in the “Arena Task” VR game that required reaching a specific location. 3 weeks later they conducted the same but opposite roles
Results: Scopolamine led to a significant reduction in Hippocampus activation compared to the placebo group. Scopolamine therefore impaired the memorization of new information by decreasing the activity of a key region for memory processing.
Draganski 2004
Aim, Participants, Procedure & Results
Aim: Investigate whether human brains could undergo structural changes as a result of environmental demands
Participants: 24 non-jugglers
Procedure: Participants were allocated into either juggling or non-juggling conditions. The juggling group were taught a juggling routine and were requested to master the skill. MRI scans were taken, before routine, after and 3 months later.
Results: Scans showed that jugglers experience significantly larger grey matter in the mid-temporal area, but 3 months later it had decreased. After the routine was forgotten, the brain underwent a structural change.
Zak 2009
Aim, Participants, Procedure & Results
Aim: Investigate the effect of testosterone on male generosity and aggression in an online trust game
Participants: 25 male students (double-blind experiment)
Procedure: A baseline blood test was done to measure testosterone levels. They were randomly allocated into testosterone or placebo gel groups. The gel doubled the Testerton level on individuals in the experiment condition. They played the game “Ultimatum” and were given the choice to be either generous or stingy with money they controlled
Results: Participants were 27% stingier when exposed to testosterone gel. Greater testosterone levels led to greater selfishness and punitive actions in social interactions.
Zhou 2014
Aim, Participants, Procedure & Results
Aim: Investigate the steroids AND & EST effect on heterosexual and homosexual males and females.
Participants: 4 groups with 24 participants in each. Groups were comprised by (Heterosexual males, Homosexual males, Heterosexual females and Homosexual females)
Procedure: Each group was exposed to either AND & EST pheromones and was presented with the point-lighter task in human motion and was requested to identify whether it was male or female
Results: Participants responded to the pheromones corresponding to their sexual orientation. Perceiving ambiguous gender cues based on the released pheromone. EX: hetero women and homo males when exposed to male pheromones tended to perceived marker as male
AND & EST are gender-specific pheromones on perception of amibigous gender cues. AND found in males promotes female positive mooods while EST does the equivalent in females.
Caspi 2003
Aim, Participants, Procedure & Results
Aim: Investigate which allele of 5HTT gene are linked to ↑or↓ risk of developing depression due to gene enviorment interactions on 5HTT gene
Participants: 847 New Zealenders ≈ 16 years olds with three allele types
Procedure: They were given a questionnaire about stressful life events and answers were analysed and assesed for sepression in reelation to many stressor factos
Results: Individuals with 1 oe 2 short alleles had more symptions of depression and suicidal thoughts, especially when exposed to 3 or more stressful life events.
5HTT gene is associated with depression and acts as a seratonin transporter. The gene influence the reuptake of Serotonin in brain synapses.
Weisman 2005
Aim, Participants, Procedure & Results
Aim: Determine the heritability of genetic factors that increase the likelihood of presenting MDD.
Participants: 161 kids with their parents and grandparents
Procedure: Longitudinal study (≈ 20 years long). They had interviews with all and compared depressed patients from a clinic with non-depressed individuals from their local community.
Results: Interviews over generations revealed that there was a high concordance rate for MDD, anxiety and alcohol dependency, Grandchildren with 2 generations of MDD exhibited psychiatric disorders.
