Biological Approach to Smoking

Question 1

What do the biological models of addiction emphasise?

Answer 1

The biological models of addiction emphasise the influence of genetic and neurochemical factors in onset, maintenance and relapse of addictive behaviour

Question 2

When does addiction to smoking occur?

Answer 2

Addiction to smoking occurs when an individual has developed an uncontrollable dependence on cigarettes such that they find it almost impossible to stop smoking

Question 3

Biological Approach to Smoking
Initiation

The initiation of smoking is partly due to…?

Answer 3

According to the Biological Approach, the initiation of smoking is partly due to the role of genetics

Question 4

Biological Approach to Smoking
Initiation

Family and twin studies estimate that the heritability of tobacco smoking is between..?

Answer 4

Family and twin studies estimate that the heritability of tobacco smoking is between 39% and 80%

Question 5

Biological Approach to Smoking
Initiation
Key Studies

Answer 5

Vink et al 2005

Boardman et al 2008

Question 6

Biological Approach to Smoking
Initiation

Vink et al 2005 supports this view..

Answer 6

Vink et al 2005 supports this view, he studied 1,572 Dutch twin pairs both male and female and found that the individual differences in smoking initiation were explained 44% by genetic factors

Question 7

Biological Approach to Smoking
Initiation

Likewise, a US study of 348 identical twin pairs and 321 same sex fraternal twin pairs..

Answer 7

Likewise, a US study of 348 identical twin pairs and 321 same sex fraternal twin pairs estimate the heritability for regular smoking to be 42% (Boardman et al 2008)

Question 8

Biological Approach to Smoking
Initiation

What does this show?

Answer 8

This shows that while environmental factors play a huge part (56% in Vink et al and 58% in Boardman et al) the significance of genetic factors cannot be ignored

Question 9

Biological Approach to Smoking
Maintenance

How does the Biological Approach explain the maintenance stage of addiction to smoking?

Answer 9

The Biological Approach explains the maintenance stage of addiction to smoking in terms of the effect of nicotine

Question 10

Biological Approach to Smoking
Maintenance

When a cigarette is smoked…

Answer 10

When a cigarette is smoked, nicotine activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain which leads to the release of dopamine. The release of dopamine causes short-lived pleasure, and as nicotine levels drop, mood and concentration become impaired, which leads to the person having another cigarette

Question 11

Biological Approach to Smoking
Maintenance
Key Studies

Answer 11

Vink et al 2005

Buka et al 2003

Question 12

Biological Approach to Smoking
Maintenance

Vink et al 2005 supports this view..

Answer 12

Vink et al 2005 supports this view, finding that nicotine dependence was influenced 75% by genetic factors

Question 13

Biological Approach to Smoking
Maintenance

Buka et al 2003 also found that..

Answer 13

Buka et al 2003 also found that that while mothers smoking during pregnancy did not increase the likelihood that the child will try smoking or become a regular smoker, expectant mothers who smoked heavily (more than 20 daily) doubled the risk of their child becoming addicted to nicotine than if they smoked less than 20 daily during pregnancy, which supports the Biological Approach in terms of the view that nicotine dependence and therefore the maintenance of smoking behaviour is largely influenced by genetic factors

Question 14

Biological Approach to Smoking
Relapse

What does the Biological Approach believe about the relapse of smoking behaviour?

Answer 14

The Biological Approach believes that relapse in smoking behaviour is subject to genetic influences

Question 15

Biological Approach to Smoking
Relapse
Key Studies

Answer 15

Xian et al 2005

Uhl et al 2008

Question 16

Biological Approach to Smoking
Relapse

Xian et al 2005 supports this view…

Answer 16

Xian et al 2005 supports this view finding that 54% of the risk for quit failure could be attributed to heritability

Question 17

Biological Approach to Smoking
Relapse

This view is futher supported by Uhl et al 2008..

Answer 17

This view is further supported by Uhl et al 2008 who identified specific genes that may affect quitting success and nicotine dependence

Question 18

Biological Approach to Smoking
Evaluation

Supporting evidence for genetic influence on smoking behaviour
Key Studies

Answer 18

Thorgeirsson et al 2008

Question 19

Biological Approach to Smoking
Evaluation

Supporting evidence for genetic influence on smoking behaviour

Answer 19

Supporting evidence for genetic influence on smoking behaviour comes from Thorgeirsson et al 2008 who identified a gene variant on chromosome 15 that influenced the number of cigarettes smoked per day, nicotine dependence and the risk of developing smoking related diseases. Smokers who smoked less than 10 cigarettes a day were less likely to have this variant of the gene than those who smoke more than 10 a day.

This supports the idea that while genetics are only partially influential in terms of smoking initiation, they are very influential in terms of the maintenance and relapse of smoking behaviour

Question 20

Biological Approach to Smoking
Evaluation

Reductionist

Answer 20

A problem with the biological approach is that is is reductionist, it reduces a complex phenomenon, such as smoking, down to simple components i.e. the effects of nicotine or the influence of specific genes. While this has its advantages such as offering possibilities for treatment , it also has its limitations, the main one being that reducing human actions e.g. smoking to just the action of genes or chemicals, ignores all other potential influences e.g. irrational thought processes and social context

Question 21

Biological Approach to Smoking
Evaluation

Treatment possibilites
Key Studies

Answer 21

Gartner et al 2009

Lerman et al 2004

Question 22

Biological Approach to Smoking
Evaluation

Treatment possibilities

Answer 22

As stated earlier, the Biological Approach creates possibilities for treatment through pharmacologic methods and through a genome screening programme to prevent the behaviour altogether.

Evidence also suggests that the effectiveness of medication for smoking cessation may be moderated by a person’s genetic make-up. For example, smokers with the Asp40 variant of the mu-opioid gene were twice as likely to quit smoking with higher-dose nicotine replacement therapy that they were with lower-dose nicotine replacement therapy. Smokers with the more common Asn40 variant were equally likely to stop smoking regardless of the nicotine replacement therapy level. Consequently, genetic testing might allow therapists to choose the most appropriate smoking cessation therapy to maximise smoker’s likelihood of quitting successfully (Lerman et al 2004)

However, Gartner et al 2009 believed that screening for specific genes is unlikely due to there only being a small association between genes and smoking addiction