Biological approach Flashcards
Geary (2000)
Females carry their offspring and therefore have the larger investment in terms of the risk to their health and changes to their life when carrying and looking after their baby.
Therefore, females are very particular in choosing a mate.
Trivers (1972)
Claimed that the formation of romantic relationships is driven by evolution, specifically how each sex has a different level of investment in ensuring that their offspring survives in order to pass on the family genes.
Little et al (2011)
Found that observing beauty in members of the opposite sex raises action of the OFC for both makes and females.
Therefore, providing evidence of a link between the localisation of brain function and the formation of romantic relationships.
This is because the OFC indicates to the individual whether a mate is desirable and if so, the individual will most likely act on the biological signal.
Symons (1979)
Believed that males look for females who have high reproductive value meaning that they look for a female who can have many children over a long period of time.
Hamilton (1987)
The idea that we have an interest in looking after our siblings as enhancing the survival of those with similar genes promotes the survival of our groups’ genes.
Williams
Stated that males would look for a female who had high fertility.
Therefore, even though a 13-year-old female may be able to have offspring for many years, her fertility would not be good enough and she could not look after a baby successfully.
For that reason, males should look for a female who is very fertile but can also look after herself and her offspring.
Soomro et al
A study that looked at 17 studies comparing SSRIs to placebos for the treatment of OCD.
SSRIs were found to be more effective in reducing symptoms up to three months after treatment.
Kahn et al
Another study that found that in 82% of the 250 patients he followed benzodiazepines (BZs) were superior to placebos.
Vaughn and Leff (1976)
Found that for those living in a hostile environment, the relapse rate for those taking antipsychotic medication was 53% compared to 92% when taking a placebo.
However, for those living in a supportive environment with antipsychotics, 12% relapsed compared to 15% in the placebo condition.
Damasio et al (1990) and Weiger and Bear (1988)
Previous studies suggested damage to the pre-frontal cortex may increase impulsivity and immaturity levels.
It may also cause altered emotionality, loss of self-control and the inability to modify behaviour.
The combination of these behavioural deficits may lead to increased aggressive behaviour.
Damasio et al (1990)
Suggested that altered damage to the pre-frontal cortex, previously “normal” individuals would display behaviours which would be considered abnormal, and they would display deficits in decision making and planning.
Crick and Koch (1998)
Propose the claustrum is the seat of consciousness.
Koubeissi et al (2014)
Studied a 54-year-old woman with epilepsy.
When an electrode was stimulated near her claustrum, the woman stopped reading, stared blankly, and didn’t respond to commands.
When the stimulation stopped, she regained consciousness.
Cherek et al (2002)
Investigated the impulsivity and aggression in makes with a history of conduct disorder and criminal behaviour.
Half received a placebo for 21 days whereas the other half were administered paroxetine.
Those who received paroxetine showed a significant decrease in impulsivity behaviours and aggression declined by the end of the study.
Martha Farah (2004)
If courts use neurological interventions, it signals the denial of an individual’s freedom, something that even prisoners have not been denied previously.
