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biological approach Flashcards

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1
Q

aim of canli et al?

A

aimed to show that emotive images will be remembered better than those that have little emotional impact on an individual.

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2
Q

The central questions addressed by the canli et al study

A
  • whether the amygdala is sensitive to varying degrees of emotional intensity to external stimuli
  • whether the level of intensity enhances memory for the stimuli.
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3
Q

what are structural scans

A

they take detailed pictures of the structure of the brain

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4
Q

what are functional scans

A

are able to show activity levels in different areas of the brain.

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5
Q

whats an fmri

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging; neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.

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6
Q

what is the amygdala responsible for?

A

plays a key role in the processing of emotions such as pleasure, fear and anger.
and responsible for determining where memories are stored in the brain and which ones are kept.

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7
Q

what type of experiment was the canli et al study?

A

laboratory experiment

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8
Q

what type of experimental design was the canli et al study

A

Repeated measures design as participants contributed to each of the four conditions depending on their rating of each scene

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9
Q

describe the scale used in canli et al to measure emotional arousal

A

had to choose from four buttons to indicate emotional arousal on a scale from 0 (‘not emotionally intense at all’) to 3 (‘extremely emotionally intense’).

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10
Q

what was the IV in canli et al

A

The independent variable the intensity of the emotional arousal to each of the 96 scenes that were presented to each participant.

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11
Q

what were the two DV in canli et al

A
  • the level of activation of the amygdala measured by fMRI during the first stage of the experiment when the participants were exposed to each of the 96 scenes.
  • measure of memory when participants had to recognise the images three weeks after the initial experiment.
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12
Q

how many frames were captured per trial in canli et al

A

11

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13
Q

how many scenes were there in canli et al

A

96

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14
Q

was the order of the scenes randomised in canli et al

A

yes

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15
Q

how long was each picture presented for in canli et al

A

2.88 sec

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16
Q

how long were the intervals in canli et al

A

12.96 sec

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17
Q

after how many weeks did the pps have to come back in canli et al

A

3 weeks

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18
Q

what did the pps have to do when they came back the second time in canli et al

A

they viewed all of the 96 previous scenes and 48 new scenes (foils).
Participants were asked whether they had seen each scene before and for images judged as previously seen, participants reported whether they remembered with certainty (‘remember’) or had a less certain feeling of familiarity (‘know’’)

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19
Q

results for emotional intensity in canli et al

A

emotional intensity-

  • 29% of scenes were rated as not emotionally intense (1 mark: data)
  • There was a positive correlation between emotional intensity and arousal (2 marks; 1 if just ‘correlation).
  • The r value was +0.68 (1 mark: data)
  • There was a positive correlation between emotional intensity and (left) amygdala activation
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20
Q

results for the ‘remembered scenes’ in canli et al

A
  • 42% of scenes rated 3 were ‘remembered’ (1 mark: data)
  • The scenes which had higher emotional/intensity ratings were remembered more (1 mark) than those with a low emotional/intensity rating (2 marks total: comparison)
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21
Q

what are the studies in the biological approach?

A
  • canli et al (2000)
  • dement & kleitman (1957)
  • schachter & singer (1962)
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22
Q

strengths of canli et al

A

talk about:

  • lab exp, standardised env and given the same items to rate in each condition.
  • It was incredibly standardised to the level of the time that each item was presented for and the duration of the interval between presentations.
  • had internal validity s the researcher can be more confident that there are fewer confounding variables affecting the variables that they are measuring.
  • quantitative data- data relating to the activation of the amygdala, enabling them to carry out statistical analyses such as correlational analysis about the level of activation and subsequent memory of the scene.
  • Using fMRI scanners to measure the biological response on the brain of the different images gives an objective finding for each participant as it does not need the research to interpret any results.
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23
Q

weaknesses of canli et al

A
  • The sample in this research consists of right-handed females only and therefore introduces participant variables that could distort the outcomes of the research reducing the validity of the research.
  • Therefore, we must be cautious in generalising the results of this to males and to left-handed individuals, as they may respond differently.
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24
Q

what was the sample in canli et al

A

Ten right-handed healthy female volunteers were scanned. Females were chosen in this study because it was thought that they are more likely to report intense emotional experiences and show more physiological reactions to the stimuli.

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25
Q

aim of schachter and singer study?

A
  • The aim of the study was to test the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion.
  • Schachter and Singer (1962) wanted to research if, given a state of physiological arousal for which the individual has no adequate explanation, cognitive factors can lead the individual to describe their feelings with any of a number of emotional labels
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26
Q

what was the two factor theory of emotion

A

that physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation leads to an emotional experience

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27
Q

how many IVs were there in the s&s study

A

2

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28
Q

describe the first IV in s&s

A

it concerned the knowledge about the injections; whether they were informed, misinformed or ignorant.

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29
Q

describe the second IV in s&s

A

it was the emotional situation that the participant was placed into following the injection; either euphoria or anger.

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30
Q

what was the control group in s&s

A

they were not injected with epinephrine but a saline solution.

31
Q

what type of experimental design was in s&s

A

independent groups design as participants only took part in one of the seven groups.

32
Q

what were the two DVs in s&s

A
  • The first was observational data that was recorded by two observers through a one-way mirror during the emotional arousal element of the experiment.
  • The second was a self-report that the participants completed following the emotional arousal element of the research.
33
Q

what were the categories into which the behaviour was coded were that the participant in the euphoric condition in s&s?

A
  • joins in the activity,
  • initiates a new activity,
  • watches stooge or
  • ignores stooge.
34
Q

what were the categories into which the behaviour was coded were that the participant in the anger condition in s&s?

A

the participant:

  • agreed with a comment,
  • disagreed with a comment,
  • was neutral to a comment,
  • initiates agreement or disagreement,
  • watches or ignores the stooge
35
Q

sample of s&s

A

 The 185 participants were all male college students taking classes in introductory psychology at the
 University of Minnesota, of which many received course credit for taking part in the study.
 The university health records of all participants were checked prior to the experiment to ensure that no harmful effects would result from the injections.

36
Q

which university were the pps from in s&s

A

minnesota

37
Q

what were told to the pps in s&s when they arrived at the lab

A

aim of the experiment was to test the effects of vitamin supplements on vision:

38
Q

procedure of s&s?

A

study carefully from actual notes on word doc

39
Q

what were the hypotheses in s&s

A

1 If a person experiences a state of arousal for which they have no immediate explanation, they will label this state and describe their feelings in terms of the cognitions available to them at the time.

2 If a person experiences a state of arousal for which they have an appropriate explanation (e.g. ‘I feel this way because I have just received an injection of adrenalin’), then they will be unlikely to label their feelings in terms of the alternative cognitions available.

3 If a person is put in a situation, which in the past could have made them feel an emotion, they will react emotionally or experience emotions only if they are in a state of physiological arousal

40
Q

what was one mental and physical question asked on the self report given to the pps in s&s?

A

how good or happy do you feel at present?
(0- not very good to 4- extremely good)

have you experienced any palpitation?
(0- not at all to 3- an intense amount)

41
Q

how many pps were there in schachter and singer?

A

185 but 169 remained for analysing the results

42
Q

results from s&s from self report measures for euphoric condition?

A

From the self-report measures, in the euphoria condition, the misinformed participants were feeling happier than all the others; the second happiest group was the ignorant group. This demonstrates that these participants were more susceptible to the stooge because they had no way of explaining why they felt as they did. The informed group felt the least positive because they were aware why they felt as they did.

43
Q

results from s&s from self report measures for anger condition?

A

In the anger condition, the ignorant group felt the angriest and the second angriest group was the placebo group. The least angry group were those who had been informed. This shows that participants were more susceptible to the stooge because they had no way of explaining why their body felt as it did.

44
Q

strengths of s&s

A
  • It could be useful in treating people who suffer with anxiety and panic attacks
  • laboratory experiment exerted a large amount of control through their standardised procedure (deceived pps and also ensured that the stooge did not know which condition the participant was in (double blind technique))
  • The use of questionnaires as a method to operationalise the dependent variable allowed Schachter and Singer to further standardise the collection of the data within the experiment
  • quantitative data
45
Q

weaknesses of s&s

A

-The sample in this research consisted of university students and introduced participant variables that
could distort the outcomes of the research reducing the validity of the research.
- the sample consists of only male participants which further impacts on our ability to generalise the results to all; males could experience emotion differently to females and this has been ignored in this research.
-Completing a questionnaire may not give the participants the same freedom to express their feelings as a discussion therefore we could argue that there is little ecological validity in this research

46
Q

what were the 3 aims of d&k?

A
  1. Does dream recall differ between eye movement (REM) and quiescent (nREM) stages of sleep?
  2. Is there a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and the length of the REM period before waking?
  3. Are eye movement patterns related to dream content?
47
Q

what is REM sleep

A

a stage of sleep in which our eyes move rapidly under the lids, which is associated with vivid, visual dreams

48
Q

non-rapid eye movement sleep (nREM)?

A

the stages of sleep (1 to 4) in which our eyes are still. It is also called quiescent (quiet) sleep. This is not associated with dreaming.

49
Q

what is an EEG

A

electroencephalograph; a machine used to detect and record electrical activity in nerve and muscle cells when many are active at the same time.

50
Q

what type of experimental design was used in d&k? for looking into ‘Does dream recall differ between eye movement (REM) and quiescent (nREM) stages of sleep?’

A

repeated;

51
Q

what was the IV and DV for ‘Does dream recall differ between eye movement (REM) and quiescent (nREM) stages of sleep?’ in d&k

A

IV: was whether the participant was woken from REM or nREM sleep.
DV: was whether they recalled a dream or not.

52
Q

what type of experimental design was used in d&k? for looking into the relationship between dream duration and the length of the REM period

A

correlation design

53
Q

what method was used to look into the relationship between eye movement patterns and dream content, in d&k?

A

self-reports were compared to the direction of eye movements observed.

54
Q

what was the sample in d&k?

A

7 males and 2 female adults

five of whom were studied in detail. The remaining four were used to confirm the results of the first five.

55
Q

what did the pps in d&k have to make sure they did on the day of the experiment?

A

participants ate normally, excluding caffeine-containing drinks (such as coffee) and alcohol.

56
Q

which pp in d&k was told that they would only be woken in REM but actually waking them in REM or nREM randomly

A

WD

57
Q

what time period were pps woken up in d&k that they had to guess

A

5 & 15 min

58
Q

what were the eye-movement patterns detected, in d&k

A

The eye-movement patterns detected were: ‘mainly vertical’, ‘mainly horizontal’, ‘both vertical and horizontal’ and ‘very little or no movement’.

59
Q

what did d&k find out for ‘uninterrupted dream stages’

A
  • lasted 3–50 minutes (with a mean of approximately 20 minutes)
  • were typically longer later in the night
  • showed intermittent bursts of around 2–100 rapid eye movements.
60
Q

results for dream recall in d&k

A
  • Of awakenings from REM, 79.6% (152/191) of awakenings produced dream recall and
  • 93% (149/160) of awakenings from nREM did not produce dream recall.
  • 29% of occasions dreams were recalled within 8 minutes
  • less than 5% of occasions dreams were recalled after 8 minutes
61
Q

results for d&k for any correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and the length of the REM period before waking?

A
  • The accuracy of estimation of 5 or 15 minutes of REM was very high (88% and 78% respectively).
  • REM duration and the number of words in the narrative were significantly positively correlated. The r values for each participant varied from r = 0.4 to r = 0.71, indicating moderate to strong positive correlations.
62
Q

results for are eye movement patterns related to dream content? in d&k

A

 Periods of only vertical or only horizontal movements were very rare.
 There were three dreams with mainly vertical eye movements.
 Ten dreams had little or no eye movement and the dreamer reported watching something in the distance or staring at an object.
 twenty-one of the awakenings had mixed eye movements.
- These participants reported looking at objects or people close to them, for example talking to a group of people, looking for something and fighting with someone.

63
Q

conclusions from d&k

A

 Dreaming is reported from REM but not nREM sleep
 Participants can judge the length of their dream duration and
 REM patterns relate to dream content

64
Q

how was the definition of a ‘dream’ was clearly operationalised in d&k

A

operationalised as a recollection that included content, rather than just having the impression that they had been dreaming. This helped to raise validity

65
Q

strengths and weaknesses of d&k

A

from notes

66
Q

describe from the D&K experiment how the experimenters chose to wake the participants up for the first questions in either REM or nREM

A
  • PM &KC:using a random number table
  • DN: in groups of three REM then three nREM
  • WD:by telling the participant that they would only be woken in REM but actually waking them in REM or nREM randomly
  • IR:in no specific order, the experimenter just chose
67
Q

from D&K how long was a cycle length of REM (from one REM stage to the next)

A

varied between participants but was consistent within individuals,
e.g. between 70 minutes at the shortest and 104 minutes at the longest
(with a mean of 92 minutes for all participants).

68
Q

what type of sampling were each of the studies in this approach

A

schachter and singer - volunteer
canli - volunteer
dement and kleitman - opportunity

69
Q

From the Canli et al. study (brain scans and emotions):
Describe the procedure of this study from the point when the participants returned three weeks after the fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imagery) scans had taken place

A

The participants were given an unexpected recognition test;
They viewed all previous (96) seen scenes;
They viewed 48/new/never seen before foils;
The foils were chosen to match the previous scenes on valence/arousal;
During the recognition test, participants were asked if they had seen the
picture before;
If they said yes they had to state ‘remember’ if they were certain they had
seen it;
They had to respond with a ‘know’ if they were less confident that they had
seen it;
No rating was asked for if they stated that they had not seen it before.

70
Q

Outline how the participants rated their emotional arousal towards the scenes in canli

A

(after viewing a picture), a fixation cross appeared on the screen;
They pressed a button to give the picture a rating;
This ranged from 0–3;
0 = not emotionally intense/3 = extremely emotionally intense;

71
Q

Outline the conclusions from canli

A

The activity in the (left) amygdala during encoding could predict subsequent memories (2 marks);
emotive images are cause a greater activation in the amygdala than non emotive images

72
Q

Suggest one real life application from d&k.

A

The EEG can detect REM/nREM sleep so can be useful in diagnosing problems with these so that a treatment can be found to help with any disorder (2 marks);

73
Q

Describe one result about the ratings of emotional intensity of the scenes and one result about the percentage of participants who ‘remembered’ the scene across intensity ratings.

A

They were similar across the scenes (1 mark); there were slightly more scenes rated as 0 (not emotionally intense) (1 mark); 29% of scenes were rated as not emotionally intense (1 mark: data)

There was a negative correlation between emotional intensity and valence (2 marks; 1 if just ‘correlation’).
The r value was –0.66 (1 mark: data)
There was a positive correlation between emotional intensity and arousal (2 marks; 1 if just ‘correlation).
The r value was +0.68 (1 mark: data)

More of the scenes rated as 3 (extremely emotionally intense) were remembered (1 mark); Those rated 0–2 had similar levels of % remembered/less than those rated 3 (1 mark);
42% of scenes rated 3 were ‘remembered’ (1 mark: data)

74
Q

activity index scores for epinephrine grp

A

epi in- 12; epi mis- 22, epi ign- 18

psychology (5 decks)

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