Biologic and Related Sciences Flashcards
This is the primary metabolite of dopamine and is usually assessed when examining dopamine activity in the CNS/spinal fluid/blood/urine
Homovanillic acid
What part of the MSE is used to test for diffuse cortical degeneration?
3-step-command. Tests for ideational apraxia (inability to put a sequence of skilled acts together in a row, though the individual may be able to do each separate task)
___________ refers to an immobile position that is consistently maintained.
Catalepsy
_______ is a resistance to any and all attempts to have the patient move or allow himself to be moved, despite no obvious motive for resistance.
Negativism
Where is episodic memory sited?
medial temporal lobes, anterior thalamic nucleus, mammillary body, fornix, and prefrontal cortex
Where is the site of semantic memory?
inferolateral temporal lobes
Where is the site of procedural memory?
basal ganglia, cerebellum, supplementary motor area
What receptor is the target of the antimigraine drug sumatriptain?
Serotonin 5-HT1D
What receptor is the target of atypical antipsychotics?
D2 dopamine (more d4 than typical antipsychotics) and Serotonin 5-HT6, 5ht2a
What serotonin receptor is implicated in the regulation of circadian rhythms?
5-HT7
Which serotonin receptor has anxiolytic properties?
5-HT1A
_____________ is the inability to integrate a visual scene to perceive it as a whole
Simultagnosia
Gertsmann syndrome:
agraphia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, finger agnosia (due to lesions of dominant hemisphere of parietal lobe)
What is prospagnosia thought to be due to?
disconnection of left inferior temporal cortices from the visual association area in the left parietal lobe
Balint syndrome (bilateral parieto-occipital lesions)
triad of optic ataxia, oculomotor apraxia, and simultanagnosia
Anton syndrome
failure to acknowledge blindness (bilateral occipital lobe lesions)
Associative visual agnosia
inability to name or use objects despite the ability to draw them (bilateral medial occipitotemporal lesions)
Most cases of hereditary Alzheimer disease occurring between the ages of 40 and 50 is due to problems with which gene?
presinilin 1
Note: presinilin 2 and B-APP are responsible for cases AFTER 50
What stage of sleep due you see: increase in BP and HR, penile erection, dreaming?
all are REM!!
Dysfunction of which area of the brain causes disinhibition, irritability, lability, euphoria, and lack of remorse?
orbitofrontal area (these features are reminiscent of antisocial personality disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, and episodic dyscontrol syndrome)
Lesions in the _________ area of the brain lead to deficiencies of planning, monitoring, flexibility, and motivation. They appear inattentive nad undermotivated, cannot plan novel cognitive activity, and exhibit a tendency to linger on trivial thoughts.
dorsolateral
On an MRI, what is different between what the finding of “periventricular patches of increased signal intensity” and “patches of increased signal in the white matter, not just periventricular in location” suggest?
periventricular patches = multiple sclerosis (these are the MS plaques)
white matter increased signal, not just periventricular = vascular dementia
Put alpha, beta, delta, theta waves in order from lowest ot highest frequency.
delta (3.5-4zHz), theta (4 to 7 Hz), alpha (8 to 13 Hz), beta (13 to 30 Hz)
