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BIOL 261 > BIOL261 Midterm > Flashcards

BIOL261 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

to analyze a genetic cross we observe

A

the frequency of phenotypes among offspring.

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2
Q

Mendel’s first Law states

A

two alleles of a gene segregate to separate gametes at random.

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3
Q

All combinations during recombination have

A

an equal chance of occurring.

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4
Q

3:1 ratio shows the trait is controlled by

A

one gene, two alleles.

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5
Q

Chromosomes have

A

genes.

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6
Q

RNA translated into

A

proteins.

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7
Q

Genes composed of

A

DNA.

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8
Q

Mutations lead to

A

non-functional proteins (enzymes).

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9
Q

Altered metabolism from mutations give rise to

A

phenotypes and diseases.

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10
Q

Diploid organisms have

A

two sets of homologous chromosomes.

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11
Q

Karyotype consists of

A

22 sets of autosomal chromosomes, and two sex chromosomes.

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12
Q

What are heteromorphic sex chromosomes in birds

A

inactivated W copy.

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13
Q

Define sex-linked inheritance

A

a trait controlled by a gene on either the X or Y chromosome.

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14
Q

Genes on the X chromosome are passed from fathers

A

to ALL daughters.

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15
Q

meiosis and mitosis in haploid organisms consist

A

of a single set of chromosomes in each cell.
are partially diploid.
meiosis produces haploid cell origin.

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16
Q

Mendel’s Second Law of

A

independent assortment. Applies to genes on different chromosomes, alleles close together on the same chromosome do not assort independently at meiosis.

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17
Q

Define linkage

A

the tendency of genes to be inherited together due to location on the chromosome.

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18
Q

How are genes arranged on a chromosome

A

in a linear order.

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19
Q

Define interference

A

inhibiting cross over likelihood.

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20
Q

The expected double recombinants in an experiment indicates

A

no interference.

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21
Q

coefficient of coincidence

A

how well observed results coincide with expected results.

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22
Q

if the coefficient is 0 there is

A

No interference. Interference is 1, because there are no double recombinants found meaning the crossover in one region really affected the crossover in another region.

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23
Q

Unlinked genes are

A

independently assorting genes.

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24
Q

State the null hypothesis in a Chi-Squared test

A

the genes are unlinked.

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25
Q

List three characteristic that a trait is controlled by genes

A
  1. Inheritance.
  2. Mendelian ratios.
  3. linkage to other genes, co-segregation.
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26
Q

Name two patterns in which bacteria follow

A
  1. Inheritance.

2. linkage to other genes, co-segregation.

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27
Q

List three type of mutants

A

I. Resistance to antibiotics.
II. Requirement for a nutrient.
III. cannot grow on a sole carbon source.

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28
Q

F+ is a

A

small, circular chromosome.

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29
Q

In Hfr the F factor is

A

integrated into their chromosome.

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30
Q

List four types of gene mapping in bacteria

A
  1. interrupted mating (measured in minutes).
  2. recombination frequency.
  3. transformation.
  4. transduction by phage.
31
Q

Define transformation

A

introduction of chromosomal DNA by physical means.

32
Q

Define interrupted mating

A
  • partial transfer of genome.
  • passes to recipient in linear order.
  • distance between genes measured in minutes.
33
Q

How do we separate two strains after mating

A

using selective media.

34
Q

Define bacteriophages

A
  • phages, bacterial viruses.

- have genes that are mapped.

35
Q

Type of transducing phage

A

P1, for generalized transduction.

36
Q

co-transducing gene mapping via

A

P1 phage.

37
Q

The closer two genes are, the higher rate of co-transduction (T/F)

A

T.

38
Q

The maximum distance in co-transduction is

A

2 minutes, 2 % of the bacterial genome.

39
Q

Define one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis

A
  • introduced by Beatle and Tatum.

- proposed that genes encode for proteins, from the analysis of mutant Neurospora.

40
Q

Define the biosynthetic pathway

A
  • sequence of enzymatic steps in the synthesis of a specific end-product.
  • complementation in pathway can occur.
41
Q

Complementation determine

A

if mutation is on the same gene.

42
Q

Complementation test for Neurospora

A

fusion creating heterokaryon.

43
Q

Complementation test for E.coli

A

merodiploid, introduction of plasmid (episome).

44
Q

Complementation test for phage

A

co-infection, recombination DNA.

45
Q

Complementation test for eukaryotes

A

mating, recombination DNA.

46
Q

List 4 variation of single gene traits

A
  1. incomplete dominance.
  2. codominance.
  3. multiple alleles.
  4. lethal alleles.
47
Q

Define incomplete dominance

A
  • no dominance observed.
  • genotypic ratios remain.
  • phenotypic ratio changes due to lack of pigment.
48
Q

Define codominance

A

both alleles are expressed in heterozygote.

49
Q

Define multiple alleles affecting a single gene trait

A
  • ABO blood for example.

- A and B are codominant, third allele O is recessive.

50
Q

Define a lethal allele

A
  • deviates from Mendelian ratios.

- Allele can be dominant for trait but recessive for lethality.

51
Q

List three variation of multiple genes affecting the same trait

A
  1. two genes give rise two segregation ratios.
  2. Epistatic genes.
  3. Duplicate genes.
52
Q

Define epistatic genes

A

the expression of one gene overrides the other gene resulting in ratios deviating from Mendel’s phenotypic ratios (9:3:4 / 9:7).

53
Q

Define duplicate genes

A

will give rise to 15:1 phenotypic ratio.

54
Q

Name and define Griffiths principle

A
  1. “the transformation principle”.

2. could change the genotype of a non-virulent, causing it to a virulent.

55
Q

Avery discovered

A

“the transforming principle” as DNA.

56
Q

Hershey defined

A

DNA as the genetic material with T2 phage.

57
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A
  • relative frequencies of four nucleotides in DNA.
  • A=T, C=G.
  • A+G=C+T.
58
Q

Meselson proposed that DNA is

A

semi conservative, by labelling isotopes of nitrogen and subjecting them to a centrifuge.

59
Q

each chromatid before replication contains

A

single double-stranded DNA.

60
Q

Function of DNA Pol III

A

carries out most of the synthesis of DNA on both leading and lagging strand.

61
Q

Function of DNA Pol I

A

fills gaps in lagging strand with DNA.

62
Q

Types of Primase

A

dnaB,T and priA,B,C

63
Q

Function of ligase

A

contains RNA, and joins adjacent nucleotides by covalent bonds.

64
Q

Function of helicase

A

breaks H-bonds between nitrogenous bases.

65
Q

Type of covalent bond in DNA

A

phosphodiester bond.

66
Q

Pol I/III perform

A
  • exonuclease activity as in proofreading in reverse 3’–> 5’.
  • remove bases from 3’–>5’, add bases from 5’–>3’.
67
Q

Lagging strand is primed with

A

Ogazaki fragments.

68
Q

Ogazaki fragments are made up of

A

short RNA fragments.

69
Q

Type(s) origin(s) in bacteria

A
  • single origin.

- autonomously replicating.

70
Q

Type(s) origin(s) in eukaryotes

A

-many origins.

71
Q

Replication occurs at

A

S phase.

72
Q

Define telomeres

A

at the ends of the lagging strand.

73
Q

Function of telomerase

A
  • replicates DNA at the end.
  • contains its own RNA template, serving as template for DNA synthesis.
  • works on parent strand only.
  • particular telomere sequence.
  • last 2 bases attach, elongating parent strand.
  • makes sure that actual DNA isn’t being cut off.
74
Q

What is overhang flap in DNA sequence

A

junk DNA synthesized by telomerase.

BIOL 261 (2 decks)

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