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PSU Sophomore > BIOL220W Final > Flashcards

BIOL220W Final Flashcards

1
Q

Describe why temperature and precipitation vary globally and why some, but not all, portions of our planet show seasonality in temperature and precipitation

A

Regions near the equation have more direct sunlight year-round. Areas farther from the equator experience more pronounced seasons due to the 23.5 rotational tilt.

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2
Q

Explain how the variation in temperature, precipitation, atmospheric circulations, and/or seasons causes predictable global patterns in climate and distribution of organisms

A

Different regions with distinct climates support different types of life due to the specific challenges posed by their temperature, rainfall, and seasonal changes

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3
Q

Predict regional wet and dry seasons using your understanding of how/why atmospheric circulation patterns shift as the earth rotates around the sun

A

Hadley cells affect prevailing winds, which makes intense solar radiation equator, then rises, makes dry air, and returns to equator. During Summer, the sun rays are more direct

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4
Q

Explain the effect of prevailing winds and mountains on regional climate

A

Rain Shadow Effect: Rising moist air cools, then descending dry air absorbs moisture (Rain comes up a mountain, then peaks, then dry air warms as it goes down the mountain causing a rain shadow and making warm/dry air)

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5
Q

Describe 1-2 key features that make each biome unique

A

Average annual temp
Average total precipitation

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6
Q

Describe predicted (and already being observed) effects of climate change on the environment and how these changes might affect species interactions and distributions

A

Coral bleaching (overexposure to sun, temp change, pollution). Algae leaves the coral, so coral turns white and dies.
Also, air pollution, more asthma. Extreme heat, more heat strokes

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7
Q

Northern hemisphere has warmest temps when

A

June to August (wet season)

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8
Q

Southern hemisphere has warmest temps when

A

December to February (wet season)

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9
Q

Describe how species accumulation curves are generated and determine if all species have been counted in a community by interpreting species accumulation curve data

A

Developed by progressively sampling a community. As new species are taken, curve grows rapidly until curve plateaus over time.

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10
Q

Compare/contrast alpha, beta, and gamma species diversity concepts

A

Alpha-> species diversity within a single ecosytem, count # of species (species richness)
Beta-> Variation in species composition between different habitats
Gamma-> Total diversity at a regional scale, integrating both alpha and beta diversity

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11
Q

If alpha increases,

A

species richness increases

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12
Q

If beta increases,

A

communities have fewer shared species

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13
Q

Distinguish between two components of population abundance: size and density

A

Species density: Number of individual species in a given area
Abundance is number of individuals of species

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14
Q

Describe how population abundance data is collected and make some basic calculations using quadrat or mark-recapture data to estimate population size

A

To estimate population size, use area based survey (density) or
Line-transect survey (abundance) -> Sampling along a line (such as 20m, indiv. are counted as one moves along a line)
Mark-recapture survey (abundance)-> Used for mobile organisms (captured, marked, released)
Human population census surveys (both)

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15
Q

Quadrat

A

Sampling area of specific size. Individuals are usually counted in several quadrats

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16
Q

Explain the factors that directly determine population size (BIDE) and how they affect it

A

B= # of births
I = # of immigrant
D = Death
E = Emigrants
Life table needs age, # individuals in age class, survivorship, and fecundity (mean # of daughters)

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17
Q

Describe demography, including what can be calculated about populations and how it can be used in real life

A

Statistical study of populations; size, structure, distribution and changes
It can be used for conservation planning, endangered species, and pest/disease management

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18
Q

Compare/contrast the life history characteristics of populations described by the three forms of survivorship curves

A

Type I: most survive to old age
Type II: Chance of surviving remains constant during lifetime
Type III: High death rates for young, those that reach adulthood survive well

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19
Q

Infer whether a population is increasing, decreasing, or stable from its age structure distribution

A

Population growth (R) = B-D
Per capita growth rate (r) = (B/N) - (D/N)
Age structure diagram shows proportion of population in each age class

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20
Q

Interpret a cohort life table and calculate parameters (lx, bx, nx, no, mx) using provided ecological data

A

x=Age
nx= # of individual at age x
lx= survivorship: proportion of individuals that survive from birth (n0) at age x
mx= fecundity

lx= (nx/n0)
mx= (bx/nx) with bx= # born in between age classes

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21
Q

Calculate the net reproductive rate (R0), mean generation time (T), and growth rate (r) of a population using data from survivorship and fecundity and describe what the biological meaning is for each calculated value

A

R0= Average # of female offspring in a generation
T= Avg time from the birth of a female until the birth of her daughters

Population growth rate (r) = ln(R0)/ G
Net reproductive rate (R0) = sum(lxmx) .

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22
Q

Compare and contrast geometric and exponential growth models, including the relationship between lambda and r

A

Geometric -> 1 reproductive event per time period
Exponential -> Continuous, overlapping reproductive events
r= intrinsic growth rate
r=ln(lamba)

Predict population size: Nt=N0e^(rt)

For each generation, population size changes by a constant ratio
R0 is lamba in geometric growth models
R0-# of offspring per generation

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23
Q

Describe the meaning of the components (e.g., r, Nt) in growth model equations and use them in calculations

A

FOR EXPONENTIAL (instantaneous rate of change in pop size)
dN/dt = rN
r= b-d
Resources unlimited, thus per capita rate of change in pop. size = intrinsic growth rate

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24
Q

Describe why the incorporation of a carrying capacity (K) into the exponential equation changes the population growth curve to be logistic: consider this from mathematical and biological perspectives

A

Logistic is restricted because the carrying capacity is a restriction on the population count

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25
Q

Compare/contrast instantaneous and per capita growth rates vs. N for exponential and logistic growth models

A

dn/dt= instaneous rate of change in pop size

dn/DtN = per capita rate of change in pop. size (logistic)

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26
Q

Contrast how density-dependent and independent factors differ in their effects on population growth

A

Cause birth/death rates to increase based on population density (shelter, food, encountering mates) (DENSITY-DEPENDENT FACTORS)

Affect birth and death rates independent of pop. size (earthquake, storm, tsunami) (INDEPENDENT FACTORS)

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27
Q

Determine the effect of population size relative to K on per capita growth rate

A

Per capita growth rate decreases as pop size (N) approaches K
This growth rate is dependent on density

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28
Q

Estimate K using either instantaneous or per capita growth rates

A

K can change if environment changes
Populations live in ecosystems with other populations that may eat them or compete with them

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29
Q

The earth’s shape affects…

A

warming

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30
Q

Since temp is highest at the equator, solar radiation is

A

most condensed at equator

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31
Q

If earth tilt increases,

A

More pronounced seasons

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32
Q

Spring and fall equinox is when

A

both northern and southern hemispheres are same distance from sun

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33
Q

Hadley cells

A

Radiation warms surface at equator
Moist, warm air rises
Air cools + condenses (30 N & S)
Dry air moves toward equator

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34
Q

Ferrel cells

A

Between polar and hadley cells
Moist air rises at 60, condenses, and flows towards equator
At 30, cool dry air descends
Cool air travels back towards 60, taking moisture from surface

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35
Q

Polar cells

A

Near poles
Warm, moist air rises at 60, condenses
Dry, cool air flows toward poles, then descends

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36
Q

Dry desert at

A

30

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37
Q

Wet/humid at

A

60

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38
Q

Tropical climates near….Drier at….

A

Equator…. poles

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39
Q

Wind patterns are created by

A

3 cell types

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40
Q

Growing season is when

A

temp is above 0 Celcius

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41
Q

If precipitation goes below temp line, the

A

yellow is insufficient precipitation

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42
Q

A flatter slope on a rank abundance curve indicates

A

more species evennessM

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43
Q

Less in common between 2 communities

A

Higher b diversity

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44
Q

G

A

mean generation time (average time from the birth of a female to the birth of her daughters)

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45
Q

R0

A

Net reproductive rate= average number of female offpsring that each female has in a generation

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46
Q

Bx=

A

Number of individuals born between age classes

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47
Q

mx=

A

Fecundity= average number of female offspring that each female will have at age x

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48
Q

lx=

A

survivorship= Proportion of individuals that survive from birth (N0) to age x

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49
Q

Nx=

A

number of individuals at age x

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50
Q

Increasing growth rate in demography structure diagram

A

wide base (underdeveloped countries)

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51
Q

Decreasing growth rate in demography structure diagram

A

skinny base

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52
Q

Population growing

A

Geometric
lamba > 1

Exponential
r > 0

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53
Q

Population stable

A

Geometric
lamba = 1

Exponential
r = 0

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54
Q

Population shrinking

A

Geometric
lamba < 1

Exponential
r < 0

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55
Q

Geometric growth has what type of breeding season

A

Pulsed

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56
Q

Exponential growth has

A

continuous breeding

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57
Q

Describe types of interspecific interactions based on their effect on each species involved

A

Competition - -
Exploitation (pred/prey) - +
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0

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58
Q

Differentiate among the different types of competition

A

Intraspecific competitions are within community
Interspecific competitions are between different species
Interference competition is direct antagonistic (pred/prey, 2 kids and 1 straw)
Resource competition is indirect (individual organisms reduce the supply of a common resources, 2 kids 2 straw)

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59
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

If 2 species have the same niche, then one species will eliminate or exclude the other

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60
Q

Partitioning of niches reduces

A

competition between species and can promote coexistence

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61
Q

Types of niche partitioning

A

Resource, spatial, temporal

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62
Q

Competition will lead to which 2 outcomes?

A

Coexistence (1 species feeds on ground seed, other from tree seed) or competitive exclusion (1 species outcompetes the other)

63
Q

Higher population counts give

A

higher competitive advantage

64
Q

Niche

A

Combination of environmental factors that affect survival, growth and reproduction of a species

65
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Suite of abiotic factors and resources where an organism can theoretically live

66
Q

Realized niche

A

Subset of the fundamental niche that is actually occupied (determined by biotic interactions)

67
Q

alpha(1 2)

A

Effect of species 2 on 1

68
Q

alpha (2 1)

A

Effect of species 1 on 2

69
Q

L-V model

A

Comp coefficients measure the impact one species has on the growth of another (competing for shared resources)

70
Q

If competition coefficient is greater than L-v model,

A

comp species (2) has a larger effect against 1 (strong comp)

71
Q

If competition coefficient is less than L-V model

A

comp species (2 for 2) has a smaller effect than an individual of the same species (weak competition)

72
Q

Predation

A

Predator/prey exploitation interaction

73
Q

Parasitism

A

Pathogen, parasites live on another organism(host) (exploitation interaction)

74
Q

Parasitoid

A

Reproductive exploitation
Lay eggs inside host, eventually kills host
exploitation

75
Q

Herbivory

A

Eating producers (plants)
Exploitation

76
Q

aNP for prey

A

Prey consumption rate

77
Q

a

A

search efficiency

78
Q

r=

A

prey growth rate

79
Q

m

A

rate at which predators die

80
Q

mp

A

predator deaths

81
Q

b

A

efficiency of biomass conversion

82
Q

anP for predator

A

number of new predator babies produced

83
Q

P

A

predator number

84
Q

Describe the oscillating cycle of predator/prey

A

Prey inc, pred inc, predators overconsume, prey decrease, pred decline

85
Q

Ecto

A

external
One partner lives outside the other (fish cleaning shark)

86
Q

Endo

A

Lives inside (Gut bacteria in humans)

87
Q

Facultative

A

Symbiotic organisms can live seperately

88
Q

Obligate

A

Member of the symbiotic relationship cannot live without the other

89
Q

Explain how variable degree of reliance on a facultative partner might influence the strength of the evolutionary partnership

A

Low reliance (weak dependence) -> species gains benefit but can easily find alternatives

High reliance (near obligation) -> species depend heavily on another for survival, though interaction is still facultative

90
Q

Food chains represent

A

paths of energy flow through different feeding levels within a food web

91
Q

The more a species relies on a facultative partner, the stronger

A

the evolutionary relationship

92
Q

Food webs

A

show all energy possible (not just 1 direct pathway of energy like food chains)

93
Q

Consumers influence primary production through

A

top-down controls
affects lower trophic levels

94
Q

Producers cause

A

bottom up effects because changes the amount of biomass available on the bottom of a food chain

affects density of organisms in higher trophic levels and number of trophic levels

95
Q

Keystone species

A

influence community structure and function despite their low biomass (more drastic change if removed)

96
Q

If photosynthesis > respiration

A

net gain of biomass (growth) (DAY)

97
Q

If respiration > photosynthesis

A

consumes more glucose than it produces, so net loss in biomass (NIGHT)

98
Q

During daylight, both photosynthesis and

A

respiration occur

99
Q

AT NIGHT, only ___ occurs in plants

A

respiration

100
Q

GPP

A

Energy from photosynthesis

101
Q

NPP

A

Plant biomass left over for consumers to eat (energy stored in chem bonds) (# of energy left after plants use some GPP for resp)

102
Q

GPP captures solar energy and NPP represents

A

fraction of that energy stored

103
Q

Terrestrial primary production

A

Generally limited by temp and moisture; & nutrient availability and sunlight

104
Q

Terrestrial NPP is highest in and least in

A

tropics, tundra (cold and short growing season)

105
Q

Terrestrial NPP declines with

A

increasing latitude

106
Q

How forest age affects NPP

A

NPP initially increases, then declines with forest age
Low at first bc resources are allocated to establishing roots
b/c more energy is used for maintenance respiration of large biomass

As trees age, growth slows

107
Q

Calculate the amount of energy (hint: Eltonian Pyramids)available at different levels in a food chain, determining how that varies for organisms that feed at multiple trophic levels

A

around 10%, so limits the length of food chain

108
Q

Different reasons that energy among trophic levels are inefficient

A

Heat loss, energy from maintenance, incomplete consumption

109
Q

Grassland

A

upright pyramids

110
Q

Forest

A

biomass and energy upright but numbers inverted

111
Q

Marine

A

energy always upright, biomass inverted due to fact producer turnover

112
Q

Summarize the general factors that affect decomposition rates

A

Temp and moisture
Warmer temp speeds decomp
Too much moisture, reduces O, but moderate moisture speeds decomp

113
Q

Compare/contrast components of different decomposition mass loss curves with one another

A

Rapid mass loss early on
Fast initial decomp, then slow phase

114
Q

Cellulose

A

Long chains of glucose, decomposes fairly quickly but slower than sugars

115
Q

Hemicellulose

A

Branches and less ordered than cellulose, so it decomposes faster

116
Q

Lignin

A

Very resistant to decomp; only fungi can degrade it

117
Q

Warm, wet climates have

A

rapid decomposition

118
Q

Cold, dry has slower

A

decomp

119
Q

Litter with high lignin

A

Slower decomp curve, mass loss occurring gradually

120
Q

Litter rich in cellulose or hemicellulose

A

Faster early mass loss compared to lignin-rich litter

121
Q

NEP is negative

A

night time

122
Q

GPP > Re

A

DAy time

123
Q

GPP=0

A

Night time

124
Q

gamma diversity (y)

A

Number of species in a broader geographic region such as a local community, a continent

125
Q

Species turnover or beta diversity

A

describes the change in species composition that occurs over relatively short distances (ie. between sites)

126
Q

Species accumulation curves plot the

A

cumulative number of species observed against an index of sampling effort, can be used to estimate alpha diversity

127
Q

A successful life history produces

A

stable or growing populations

128
Q

Birth and death rates are the

A

number of per capita births and deaths in a specified amount of time

129
Q

Fecundity

A

average number of offspring per reproductive female per unit time

130
Q

Per capita population growth rate

A

r= b-d

131
Q

Life table data can be used to

A

make predictions about future population change

132
Q

When a population is growing,

A

R0 > 1 and r >0

133
Q

When a population is shrinking

A

R0 < 1 , r<0

134
Q

Fundamental niche

A

complete set of conditions under which an organism could potentially survive and reproduce

135
Q

Realized niche

A

Subset of the fundamental niche describing the conditions, under which an organism actually lives, given limitations created by interactions with other species

136
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

no two species can coexist in exactly the same niche

137
Q

Allelopathy

A

Occurs when plants release chemicals that inhibit the growth of their competitors

138
Q

Territoriality

A

Describes the establishment by an organism or group of a defended area

139
Q

Preemption occurs when individuals

A

prevent others from using a location by occupying it first

140
Q

Density dependent factors

A

include disease and food shortages

141
Q

Density-independent factors include

A

catastrophic weather events

142
Q

When a population grows, finite resources will become increasingly limited and individuals within the population

A

compete more stronger with each other for these resources

143
Q

Predator growth is determined by their

A

consumption rate, their conversion rate, and their mortality rate

144
Q

Trophic cascades occur when

A

predators indirectly limit the size of a population that they are not directly feeding upon

145
Q

Traditional trophic cascades occur when

A

predator limits herbivore populations, reducing the effects of herbivory and allowing plant pops to expand

146
Q

Autogenic engineer

A

Alter environments through their physical structure (trees provide shade)

147
Q

Allogenic engineers

A

Alter environments through structures they build (beavers)

148
Q

Ecosystem engineers indirectly affect

A

community dynamics by modifying the environment and thus altering resource availability

149
Q

Behavioral trophic cascade occur when predators alter the

A

behavior of herbivores (reducing grazing pressure and benefiting plant pops)

150
Q

High quality litter decomposes at a

A

faster rate than low quality

151
Q

High quality litter has a high proportion of

A

cellulose, simple carbs, rich in essential nutrients like nitrogen or phosphorus

152
Q

Low quality litter includes organic matter with high concentrations like

A

lignin

153
Q
A

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