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Biol 251 Microbiology > BIOL 251 LAB O4 > Flashcards

BIOL 251 LAB O4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is plasmolysis?

A

cell membrane shrinks away from the cell wall

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2
Q

halophiles

A

grow only in high salt concentrations
5-15%, most are archae & some bacteria

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3
Q

Halotolerant

A

can will grow in moderate range of salt
0-11%

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4
Q

non-tolerant

A

can only survive in very low salt concentration
0-5%

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5
Q

Extreme Halophiles

A

can only grow in high salt concentration environment
15-3-%, dead sea & Great Salt Lake

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6
Q

osmophiles

A

microbes that can tolerate very high sugar concentrations
High osmotic pressure

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7
Q

anaerobic

A

no oxygen

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8
Q

ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)

A

toxic metabolites, has oxygen, can damage DNA
must be inactivated by enzymes

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9
Q

Strict aerobes

A

microbes that rely on oxygen as final electron acceptors for cellular respiration to make ATP

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10
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

microbes that can use oxygen but DON’T require it
can grow w/out oxygen

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11
Q

Aerotolerant

A

microbes that can tolerate oxygen
DOESN’T use oxygen to make ATP

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12
Q

microaerophilic

A

microbes that REQUIRE oxygen to grow but cannot tolerate high concentrations of oxygen
O2 amount has to be just right

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13
Q

strict anaerobes

A

microbes that cannot grow when there is oxygen AT ALL

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14
Q

optimum

A

ideal temperature for an organism to grow best

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15
Q

minimum

A

lowest temperature for an organism can grow

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16
Q

maximum

A

highest temperature an organism can grow

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17
Q

Psychrophiles

A

microbes that only grow below 20c (23-68F)
LOVE THE COLD
found living in antarctic, in the Artic

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18
Q

Psychrotrophs

A

grow at cold temperatures (MILK)
can survive up to 35c (59-77F)
found in refrigerators (Listeria 7 pseudomonas

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19
Q

Mesophiles

A

Human/ Animals
adapted to temperatures of 15-45c (59-113F)
Human body (35-40c for pathogens) 95-104F

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20
Q

Thermophiles

A

grow at 45-80c (113-176F)
Love HEAT
Hot springs, compost

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21
Q

Extreme Thermophiles

A

can survive at temperatures 80-110c (176-230F)
LOVE EXTREME HEAT
deep ocean, thermal events

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22
Q

Turbidity

A

cloudiness of the liquid

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23
Q

absorbance

A

the measure of the amount of light

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24
Q

spectrophotometer

A

a device that shines a beam of light through a sample to measure the absorbance of light by that sample at a wavelength of 550 nm

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25
Turgor Pressure
water pressing against the cell wall from within Ex: Balloon filled up w/ water
26
Osmosis
movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane. Different ->equal concentration
27
Isotonic
solute concentration that are equal on either side of membrane No NET water movement
28
Hypotonic
environment has lower solute concentration than cell cytoplasm water moves into cell= cell swells
29
Hypertonic
environment have a higher solute concentration than inside the cell cytoplasm water leaves cell = cell shrinks
30
Acid Fast Stain
differential stain that detects the presence OR absence of mycolic acids in the bacterial cell wall
31
Mycolic acids
aids in pathogenesis (virulence factor) waxy materials composed of fatty acids & fatty alcohols found in the cell wall of bacteria from genera Ex: mycobacterium/ Nocardia
32
Mycobacterium Infections
mycolic acid is a virulence factor causes bacteria to clump together make it difficult to treat mycobacterium infections
33
Carbolfuchsin
a lipid-soluble, concentrated stain primary dye to smear for acid-fast stain turns pink after
34
acid alcohol
a decolorizer 5-20 second, will be retained in cell walls
35
Methylene Blue
counterstain
36
Re-emerging Infection
diseases that reappear after they have been on a significant decline ex: Lung Infections (mycobacterium tuberculosis) 1/3 world's population affected
37
Tuberculosis
lung infection caused by bacteria droplets from coughing or sneeze by infected person
38
Leprosy
a contagious disease that affects the skin, mucous membrane, and nerves. causing discolorization lumps on skin, disfigurement (deformities)
39
mycolic acid cell wall
found in the cell walls of bacteria from genera
40
presumptive test
presence of acid fast bacteria in specimens where infections w/ mycobacterium is suspected
41
Bacteria temperature
grows at different temperatures ranging from below 0-110C
42
Bacteria temperature enzymes
bacteria at extreme temperatures must have enzymes whose activity functions at these tempt. or they would not survive
43
thermoduric
microbes that are mesophiles but are able to survive at high temperatures (70 or high C) for short period of time can survive pasteurization Ex: Brucellas, Bacillus
44
water activity
the amount of water available for metabolic use
45
Kinyoun method
is a cold acid fast stain method that uses a phenolic compound, carbolfuchsin as the primary dye
46
Glycocalyx
mixture of polysaccharides & polypeptides capsule & slime layer also called this
47
capsule
well organized & tighly bound glycocalyx closely surrounds the bacterium
48
slime layer
loosely bound glycocalyx loosely adherent, non-uniform in density & thickness
49
Virulence Factor
it increases the likelihood of an infection & disease Ex: Capsule
50
Phagocytosis
capsules allow bacteria to evade
51
opsonization
coating bacteria with complement proteins and antibodies to facilitate phagocytosis
52
Endospores
structures that form inside some bacteria. a dormant form of a bacterial cell to survive harsh envirnments
53
Germination
making of a new vegetative (reproductive bacteria)
54
Sporulation
process of endospores formation begins when there is a signal to turn on spore-forming genes
55
Dipicolinic acid
a chemical compound that plays a role in the heat resistance of bacterial endospores protect DNA from heat denaturation
56
Flagella
appendages that allow bacteria to move in their environments
57
Monotrichous
single flagella at one pole
58
Lophotrichous
several flagella at one pole
59
Amphitrichous
one flagellum at each pole
60
Peritrichous
many flagella all around the cell

Biol 251 Microbiology (2 decks)

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