BIOL 251 CH.08

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

information contained within an organisms used to make proteins

Question 2

Heredity

Answer 2

how/ what info is passed from one generation to the next

Question 3

Genotype

Answer 3

genetic make up
sequence of nucleotides in the DNA/RNA
determines which proteins the organisms can make
relatively stable in eukaryotes
variable in prokaryotes

Question 4

Phenotype

Answer 4

physical/ metabolic characteristics
expression of the genotypes
highly influenced by environmental factors
may change over the life of individual

Question 5

DNA

Answer 5

instructions/ code
tell the cell/organisms what it is
what to do, and when to do it

Question 6

RNA

Answer 6

acts as an intermeditae between DNA & proteins
has both structural & functional roles

Question 7

proteins

Answer 7

made as a result of the code in DNA
allow the cell to function (carries out instructions)
Important in cell structure & cell function

Question 8

Double Helix (DNA)

Answer 8

sugar/ phosphate backbone
Nitrogenous bases on the inside (Base pairs)

Question 9

Nucleotide (DNA)

Answer 9

individual subunits
A, G, C & T

Question 10

Genes (DNA)

Answer 10

several nucleotides in a sequence
codes for a protein

Question 11

chromosome (DNA)

Answer 11

all/ several genes on one structural

Question 12

Genome (DNA)

Answer 12

all the genetic material in an organism
chromosome
plamsids

Question 13

RNA Structure

Answer 13

single stranded
sugar/ phosphate backbone
Nucleotides (individual subunits)
A,G,C & U

Question 14

RNA 3 types

Answer 14

mRNA (messenger)
rRNA (ribosomal)
tRNA (transfer)

Question 15

mRNA (messenger)

Answer 15

encodes the proteins
arranged in codons
groups of three nucleotides that corresponds to an AA

Question 16

rRNA (ribosomal)

Answer 16

forms the ribosome
help make up structure of ribosome
sequences used for identifying organisms

Question 17

tRNA (transfer)

Answer 17

acts as adaptor between mRNA & amino acids
anticodons- groups of three nucleotides that are complimentary to codon
Amino acid- building blocks of protein

Question 18

Amino acids

Answer 18

building blocks of protein
individual subunits
20 AA used by living organisms

Question 19

Anticodon

Answer 19

groups of three nucleotides that are complimentary to codon

Question 20

codons

Answer 20

groups of three nucleotides that corresponds to an (AA) amino acid

Question 21

Protein structure/ function

Answer 21

20 AA used by living organisms
4 levels of organization
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

Question 22

Primary Organization (Proteins)

Answer 22

Order of Amino Acids (AA)

Question 23

secondary Organization (Proteins)

Answer 23

Alpha helix & beta pleated sheets

Question 24

tertiary Organization (Proteins)

Answer 24

overall shape (Linear & Globular)

Question 25

Quaternary Organization (Proteins)

Answer 25

formed when 2 tertiary structures come together not all proteins have this level

Question 26

Gene Expressions

Answer 26

making proteins from the code in DNA not every protein is needed all times

Question 27

Transcription

Answer 27

DNA-->mRNA RNA polymerase finds beginning of gene unwinds DNA helix copies the code in DNA makes mRNA

Question 28

Translation

Answer 28

mRNA--> proteins mRNA goes to ribosomes tRNA anticodon find their "matching codons" Amino acids bond together w/ peptide bonds

Question 29

Transcription/ Translation similarities

Answer 29

same starting & ending products overall process is the same

Question 30

Transcription/ Translation Differences

Answer 30

Prokaryotes: continuous & in the cytoplasm Eukaryotes: takes place in stages transcription in nucleus mRNA structure Introns & exons Translation in cytoplasm

Question 31

gene regulation

Answer 31

genes are "regulated" so that proteins are produced at ideal times (allow gene to turn ON or OFF) genes are organized into operons regulated by repressors

Question 32

Repressors

Answer 32

molecules that keep proteins from being made interfere with RNA polymerase

Question 33

Operons

Answer 33

structures/ complexes that control whether genes are expressed or not Three main parts: promotor, operator, structural genes

Question 34

Promoter

Answer 34

place on operon where RNA polymerase binds

Question 35

operator

Answer 35

place on operon where repressor binds

Question 36

Structural genes

Answer 36

genes that code for proteins

Question 37

Inducible genes

Answer 37

normally switched off (no proteins being made) Env. conditions switch them "on" (proteins get made)

Question 38

Repressible genes

Answer 38

normally switched "ON" (proteins typically being made) Env. conditions switch them "OFF" (proteins stop being made)