Biol 230 Midterm 3 Flashcards
Covalent Bond
A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.
Chloroplast
A plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
Ionic Bonds
A type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Prokaryote
A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles.
(Bacteria, Cyanobacteria)
Eukaryote
An organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus.
Endosymbiosis
A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other.
Promoter
A promoter is a region of DNA upstream of a gene where proteins such as RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription of that gene.
Transgene
A gene which is artificially introduced into the genome of another organism.
Genetically Modified Organism
A plant, animal or microbe in which one or more changes have been made to the genome,
Mitochondrion
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
Maurice Wilkins
One of the people to discover the molecular structure of DNA.
Mystery Box
A tool to practice the scientific method.
Henrietta Lacks
A Woman whose cancer cells are the source of HeLa cells.
HeLa Cells
HeLa is an immortalized cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest human cell line and one of the most commonly used. Remarkably durable and prolific.
Lynn Margulis
An American evolutionary biologist. She was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in evolution.
Energy
The capacity or power to do work.
Sunlight Energy
Radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity.
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds
Anabolism
Metabolic pathways that constructs molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process.
Catabolism
Metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.
Producer
An organism that makes it’s own food.
Decomposer
An organism who ecological function involves recycling nutrients through decomposition.
Light Reactions
The series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis that require light energy. It is the first stage of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
Biological process used by many cellular organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy, stored in organic compounds that can be used for cellular respiration.
Rotenone
A toxic insecticide obtained from the roots of the Derris and other related plants.
Oxygen Atom
O
Oxygen Gas
O2
Autotrophic
An organism that can produce its own food (producer).
Mass / Matter
Amount of matter in a body.
Carbon Dioxide Gas
CO2
Carbon Atom
C
NADP+ / NADPH
Cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent
Calvin Cycle
AKA light-independent reactions. Part of photosynthesis, it is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.
Transport Proteins
Transport proteins function in both active and passive transport to move molecules across the plasma membrane.
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a pigment present in all green plants and a few other organisms.
Energy Carrier
ATP, NADH, FADH2
Cyanide
Rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical that interferes with the body’s ability to use oxygen
Ethanol
A fermentation by-product.
Inter Membrane Space of Mitochondria
Where ETC and Chemiosmosis takes place.
heterotrophic
A heterotroph is an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients.
Dry Biomass
The Biomass minus the moisture content. Can be more accurate as fresh biomass can fluctuate dramatically.
FADH+ / FADH2
Flavin adenine dinucleotide. High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.
Mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur
Hydrogen Ion Pump
They push hydrogen ions from areas of low concentration to areas with high concentration
Electron
e-
Hydrogen Ion
H+
Sodium azide
A rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical. Used as a preservative and microorganism fumigant (disinfectant).
Lactic Acid
Lactic acid is a chemical your body produces when your cells break down carbohydrates for energy.
BTB
Bromothymol blue, a pH indicator.
Mitochondrion Matrix
The space within the inner membrane.
Glycolysis
Splitting glucose, turns 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP.
Transition Reaction
Connects glycolysis to the citric acid (Krebs) cycle. Turns 2 Pydruvate into 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH.
Citric Acid Cycle / Kreb’s Cycle
Breaks down the 2 Acetyl-CoA into 4 CO2 molecules, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.
Pyruvate
Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl coA that enters the Krebs cycle. It has 3 carbons.
Acetyl CoA
A molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. End product of the Transition Reaction
Electron Transport Chain
A cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria.
ATP Synthase
The enzyme that makes ATP molecules
Aerobic
With / requiring air.
Arsenic
Element with symbol As.
Charles Keeling
Making the extremely precise measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) that clearly indicated that the atmospheric concentrations were increasing
Anaerobic
Without oxygen.
Inner Membrane of Mitochondria
Where ETC and Chemiosmosis takes place.
Gregor Mendel
Augustinian monk and botanist who formulated the laws of heredity based on his careful breeding experiments on garden pea plants.
Plastid
A small organelle, such as chloroplasts, in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food.
