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Biol 230 > Biol 230 Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Biol 230 Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.

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2
Q

Chloroplast

A

A plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.

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3
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

A type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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4
Q

Prokaryote

A

A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles.
(Bacteria, Cyanobacteria)

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5
Q

Eukaryote

A

An organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus.

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6
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other.

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7
Q

Promoter

A

A promoter is a region of DNA upstream of a gene where proteins such as RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription of that gene.

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8
Q

Transgene

A

A gene which is artificially introduced into the genome of another organism.

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9
Q

Genetically Modified Organism

A

A plant, animal or microbe in which one or more changes have been made to the genome,

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10
Q

Mitochondrion

A

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

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11
Q

Maurice Wilkins

A

One of the people to discover the molecular structure of DNA.

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12
Q

Mystery Box

A

A tool to practice the scientific method.

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13
Q

Henrietta Lacks

A

A Woman whose cancer cells are the source of HeLa cells.

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14
Q

HeLa Cells

A

HeLa is an immortalized cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest human cell line and one of the most commonly used. Remarkably durable and prolific.

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15
Q

Lynn Margulis

A

An American evolutionary biologist. She was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in evolution.

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16
Q

Energy

A

The capacity or power to do work.

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17
Q

Sunlight Energy

A

Radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity.

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18
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds

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19
Q

Anabolism

A

Metabolic pathways that constructs molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process.

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20
Q

Catabolism

A

Metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

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21
Q

Producer

A

An organism that makes it’s own food.

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22
Q

Decomposer

A

An organism who ecological function involves recycling nutrients through decomposition.

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23
Q

Light Reactions

A

The series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis that require light energy. It is the first stage of photosynthesis.

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24
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Biological process used by many cellular organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy, stored in organic compounds that can be used for cellular respiration.

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25
Q

Rotenone

A

A toxic insecticide obtained from the roots of the Derris and other related plants.

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26
Q

Oxygen Atom

A

O

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27
Q

Oxygen Gas

A

O2

28
Q

Autotrophic

A

An organism that can produce its own food (producer).

29
Q

Mass / Matter

A

Amount of matter in a body.

30
Q

Carbon Dioxide Gas

A

CO2

31
Q

Carbon Atom

A

C

32
Q

NADP+ / NADPH

A

Cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent

33
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

AKA light-independent reactions. Part of photosynthesis, it is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.

34
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Transport proteins function in both active and passive transport to move molecules across the plasma membrane.

35
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Chlorophyll is a pigment present in all green plants and a few other organisms.

36
Q

Energy Carrier

A

ATP, NADH, FADH2

37
Q

Cyanide

A

Rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical that interferes with the body’s ability to use oxygen

38
Q

Ethanol

A

A fermentation by-product.

39
Q

Inter Membrane Space of Mitochondria

A

Where ETC and Chemiosmosis takes place.

40
Q

heterotrophic

A

A heterotroph is an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients.

41
Q

Dry Biomass

A

The Biomass minus the moisture content. Can be more accurate as fresh biomass can fluctuate dramatically.

42
Q

FADH+ / FADH2

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide. High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain

43
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.

44
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur

45
Q

Hydrogen Ion Pump

A

They push hydrogen ions from areas of low concentration to areas with high concentration

46
Q

Electron

A

e-

47
Q

Hydrogen Ion

A

H+

48
Q

Sodium azide

A

A rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical. Used as a preservative and microorganism fumigant (disinfectant).

49
Q

Lactic Acid

A

Lactic acid is a chemical your body produces when your cells break down carbohydrates for energy.

50
Q

BTB

A

Bromothymol blue, a pH indicator.

51
Q

Mitochondrion Matrix

A

The space within the inner membrane.

52
Q

Glycolysis

A

Splitting glucose, turns 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP.

53
Q

Transition Reaction

A

Connects glycolysis to the citric acid (Krebs) cycle. Turns 2 Pydruvate into 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH.

54
Q

Citric Acid Cycle / Kreb’s Cycle

A

Breaks down the 2 Acetyl-CoA into 4 CO2 molecules, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.

55
Q

Pyruvate

A

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl coA that enters the Krebs cycle. It has 3 carbons.

56
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

A molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. End product of the Transition Reaction

57
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

A cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria.

58
Q

ATP Synthase

A

The enzyme that makes ATP molecules

59
Q

Aerobic

A

With / requiring air.

60
Q

Arsenic

A

Element with symbol As.

61
Q

Charles Keeling

A

Making the extremely precise measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) that clearly indicated that the atmospheric concentrations were increasing

62
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen.

63
Q

Inner Membrane of Mitochondria

A

Where ETC and Chemiosmosis takes place.

64
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Augustinian monk and botanist who formulated the laws of heredity based on his careful breeding experiments on garden pea plants.

65
Q

Plastid

A

A small organelle, such as chloroplasts, in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food.

Biol 230 (4 decks)

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