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Biol 230 > Biol 230 Final > Flashcards

Biol 230 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Pancreas

A

Produces enzymes that break down sugars, fats and starches.
Diabetes can occur if it is not producing enough insulin, or not using it correctly.

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2
Q

Define: Alpha Cells

A

Endocrine Cells that are in the pancreas.
Secrete glucagon to increase glucose levels in the blood.

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3
Q

Define: Beta Cells

A

Found in the pancreas.
Cells that make insulin, controlling the levels of glucose in the blood.

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4
Q

Define: Insulin

A

Facilitates the uptake of glucose into the cells. Lowers glucose levels in the blood.

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5
Q

Define: Glucose

A

Sugar, C6H12O6. The main fuel of your body, the input to cellular respiration.

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6
Q

Define: Glucagon

A

A peptide hormone secreted from alpha cells in the pancreas. Stimulates glucose production in the liver.

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7
Q

Define: Glycogen

A

The stored form of glucose, a polymer of glucose molecules.

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8
Q

Define: Insulin Receptor

A

A transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin.

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9
Q

Define: IRS

A

Insulin Receptor Substrate. **

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10
Q

Define: GLUT4

A

A glucose transporter attached to a vesicle that allows glucose to enter the cell.

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11
Q

Define: Vesicle

A

Small pouch, enclosed by a lipid bilayer.

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12
Q

Define: Cell Membrane

A

The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

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13
Q

Define: Set Point

A

The balanced physiological value for a variable.

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14
Q

Define: Feedback

A

A response within a system that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system.

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15
Q

Define: Hypoglycemic

A

Deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream.

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16
Q

Define: Hyperglycemic

A

An excess of glucose in the bloodstream.

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17
Q

Define: Blood Sugar

A

The concentration of glucose in the blood.

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18
Q

Define: Cellular Respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O

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19
Q

Define: H20

A

Water

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20
Q

Define: CO2

A

Carbon Dioxide

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21
Q

Define: Type 1 Diabetes

A

An autoimmune disorder resulting the destruction of beta cells and the inability to produce insulin.

22
Q

Define: Type 2 Diabetes

A

Insulin resistance.

23
Q

Define: Insulin Resistance

A

When the cells in your tissues don’t respond well to insulin.
The inability to properly use blood glucose.

24
Q

Define: Autoimmune

A

Relating to a disease cause by antibodies of lymphocytes produced against naturally occurring substances or tissues in the body.

25
Q

Define: Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O => C6H12O6 + 6O

26
Q

Define: Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacks in the lungs that are surrounded by capillaries and facilitate gas exchange.

27
Q

Define: Lungs

A

Organs the facilitate gas exchange, exhausting CO2 and intaking O2.

28
Q

Define: Capillaries

A

Small vessels that facilitate exchange between the circulatory system and your cells.

29
Q

Define: O2

A

Oxygen molecule.

30
Q

Define: Hemoglobin

A

A protein for transporting oxygen.

31
Q

Define: Glycohemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin in which glucose is bound. A measure of the long-term control of diabetes mellitus.

32
Q

Define: Hypoxia

A

A state defined by the lack of sufficient available oxygen.

33
Q

Define: Circulation

A

The movement of blood through vessels of the body.

34
Q

Define: Carbonic Anhydrase

A

Catalyzes a bidirectional conversion of CO2 and H2O into HCO3- and protons H+

35
Q

Define: Carbonic Acid

A

H2CO3

36
Q

Define: Bicarbonate Ion

A

HCO3-
The ‘carried’ version on CO2

37
Q

Define: Hydrogen Ion (H+)

A

The nucleus of a hydrogen atom separated from its accompanying electron.
Has a positive charge. ‘Wants’ to form a bond with an element that can ‘Share’ and electron.

38
Q

Define: pH

A

The measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

39
Q

Define: Acidic

A

A solution with a pH value of BELOW 7.

40
Q

Define: Basic

A

A solution with a pH value of ABOVE 7.

41
Q

Define: Respiratory Centers

A

Located in the medulla oblongata, involved in the minute-to-minute control of breathing.

42
Q

Define: pH Sensors

A
43
Q

Define: Homeostasis

A

A tendency towards an equilibrium between interdependent elements.
Eg. Levels of glucose, oxygen, or carbon dioxide in the blood. Body temperature, ect.

44
Q

Define: Nitrogen

A

A chemical element denoted by the letter ‘N’

45
Q

Define: Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in concentration of a substance from one point to another.

46
Q

Define: Polar Molecule

A

Molecules that have regions of positive and negative charge.
Eg. A water molecule.

47
Q

Define: Non-Polar Molecule

A

Molecules that do NOT have any electrical or partial charges.

48
Q

Define: Polymer

A

Large molecules, composed of smaller, simpler chemical units called monomers.

49
Q

Define: Monomer

A

A subunit of a polymer. Having the ability to be bonded molecularly to other identical molecules.

50
Q

Define: Hydrophobic

A

Having the tendency to repel, or fail to be mixed into water.

51
Q

Define: Hydrophilic

A

Having the tendency to dissolve, or be wetted by water.

Biol 230 (4 decks)

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