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BIOLOGY 1020H ECOLOGY > BIOL 1020H 1st half MIDTERM > Flashcards

BIOL 1020H 1st half MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

What is Reductionism?

A

An approach to the western scientific method that involves the reduction of complex systems to simpler components

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2
Q

What is Inductive Thinking?

A

When you use many INDV. observations to make a generalization about a group

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3
Q

What is Deductive Reasoning?

A

When you start with a general idea and determines if it applies to a specific observation

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4
Q

What is the Hypo-Deductive Method

A

The CLASSIC scientific method where you test hypotheses to see if they’re supported or not

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5
Q

What is Biodiversity?

A

The sum total of all ecosystems, species and genes where each layer is supported by those underneath

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6
Q

What is Ecology?

A

The study of the relationship of organisms to one another and to their enviornment

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7
Q

What’s an Abiotic factor

A

The physical enviornment

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8
Q

What’s a Biotic Factor

A

Living organisms

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9
Q

What’s a population

A

All the INDV. of a species that live and breed in a particular place

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10
Q

What is population size?

A

The number of INDV. of all ages alive at a particular time and space

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11
Q

What is population range?

A

The area over which a species is spread

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12
Q

What is population density

A

The number of INDV. divide by the total range

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13
Q

What is the Mark and Re-capture method

A

A common method used in ecology to estimate population size by capturing and marking INDV. and then re-capturing them

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14
Q

What is Random Distribution

A

No pattern – Completely random

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15
Q

What is Clumped Distribution

A

When resources are clustered, INDV. will be clustered

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16
Q

What is Uniform Distribution

A

When limited resources, INDV. are far apart from each other

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17
Q

How does population size INCREASE?

A

Births and Immigration

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18
Q

How does population size DECREASE?

A

Death and Emmigration

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19
Q

What is the Carrying Capacity?

A

The maximum number of INDV. a habitat can support

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20
Q

What are some factors that keep populations under Carrying Capacity?

A

Predation, Parasites, and Disease

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21
Q

Why are older INDV. more important for population growth?

A

Since they can breed and produce more offspring than younger INDV.

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22
Q

Describe the following: Type 1, 2, and 3 Survivorship Curve Types

A

Type 1: Survive in early years and then steep decline in lifespan (Humans and other large mammals)
Type 2: Steady/Consistent decline in life span (Small mammals and Birds)
Type 3: Many don’t survive in early life but if they do, they have a slow decline over time (Fish, Frogs, herbaceous plants, etc.)

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23
Q

What is the K-strategy for Reproduction?

A

Create few offspring and provide high investment in the offspring that results in high offspring survival (Pop. lives near K)

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24
Q

What is the R-strategy for Reproduction?

A

Create lots of offspring and don’t provide much investment which results in low offspring survival

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25
What is a niche?
The ways an organism responds to and affects the resources and other species in their habitat (What an org. occurs and what they do there)
26
What are differences between Habitat and Niche
Habitats are specific physical spaces that are inhabited by multiple species. Habitat is more WHERE and less HOW like niches. Many species may inhabit the same habitat but they use it differently (Niche)
27
What is a Fundamental Niche?
The full range of climate conditions and food resources that lets INDV. in a species live (LARGE, Theoretical, ideal environment)
28
What is a Realized Niche?
The actual range of habitats occupied by a species (SMALL, actual, many limiting factors)
29
What is an Antagonistic Interaction?
Interactions where 1 species LOSES more than it GAINS
30
What is Competition?
ANT. INT -- When the use of a mutually needed resource by 1 group lowers the availability of the resource for another
31
What is Competitive Exclusion
ANT. INT -- The result of COMP. INT. where 1 species is prevented in occupying a habitat or niche (means of FUND. becoming REALIZED niche)
32
What is Resource Partitioning?
ANT. INT -- When species whose niches overlap diverge to minimize overlap (EVO. adaptation that allows for multiple species to Co-exists)
33
What is Intra-specific Competition?
ANT. INT -- The competition between INDV. of the same species
34
What is Parasitism?
ANT. INT -- When an org. lives in close association with another species consumes or gains nutrition from the hosts tissues
35
What is Predation?
ANT. INT -- Interactions between organisms where the Predator consumes the Prey -- Can allow more than 1 species to occupy 1 niche
36
What is Facilitation?
ANT. INT -- An indirect interaction where 1 species changes the environment in a way that benefits other species
37
What is Mutualism
An interaction between 2 or more species where the BENEFITS to both outweigh the LOSES
38
What is Symbiosis?
MUT. INT -- Close interaction where 2 species that live together often INTERDEPENDENTLY (Stink Bird)
39
What are Facultative Interactions?
MUT. INT -- 1 or both sides can survive without each other (Like symbiosis but can live dependently of each other)
40
What is Commensalism?
MUT. INT -- When 1 specie benefits with no apparent effect on the other species
41
What are Communities?
The set of all populations of 2 or more different species in a given place at a particular time (includes all organisms) (Activities of members vary in time - Diurnally and Seasonally)
42
What are the 3 factors that shape Communities?
Competition, Frequency of disturbances, and the movement of species into and out of the community
43
What are Disturbances?
Physical disturbances like STORMS or DROUGHTS that affect the communites
44
What is Succession?
The predictable order of species colonization and replacement in a new or newly disturbed patch of habitat
45
What are Keystone Species?
They are pivotal populations that affect other members of the communities in ways that are DISPROPORTIONATE to their BIOMASS or ABUNDANCE
46
What are some results of Population Movement?
Encroachment on other similar species, Potential interspecific competition, can alter predator/prey dynamics, often carry disease and parasites that can disturb communities
47
What is an Ecosystem?
A community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies that influence each other through time
48
What is Ecosystem Ecology?
The study of the different ways a physical environment shapes communities and how organisms affect the physical environment`
49
What are Biochemical Cycles?
Pathways where biologically important elements move between the Earth and Life
50
What is the Carbon Cycle?
Many physical and biological processes that move Carbon among ROCKS, SOIL, OCEANS, AIR and ORGANISMS
51
What are Short Term Carbon Cycles?
Carbon Dioxide concentrations in air differ at different time (Annual MAX in SPRING but MIN. in FALL)
52
What is the Keeling Curve?
A collection of Short term carbon cycles (graph showing 50+ years of data)
53
How is Carbon ADDED?
Geological Inputs -- Volcanos Biological Inputs -- Respiration Human Activities -- Factories, etc
54
How is Carbon REMOVED?
Geological Removal -- By chemical weathering when CO2 rain reacts with exposed rocks Biological Removal -- Mainly through Photosynthesis
55
What is Photosynthesis?
The creation of Carbohydrates through Water, CO2 and Energy from sunlight -- Half done by land plants and the other done by Phytoplankton and Seaweed -- Removes ~ 770 Billion tons of CO2 from atmosphere anually
56
Why does the Global Atmospheric CO2 DECLINE during Northern summer?
When rates of Photosynthesis are highest relative to Respiration (after Winter when less photosynthesis there's an INCREASE in CO2 CONC.)
57
What are Long Term Carbon Cycles?
Ice cores from Greenland/Antarctica show atmospheric conditions 1000s of years ago
58
Which activities have balanced CO2 input and removal?
Marine and Terrestrial Biological activities are nearly balanced but HUMAN activity is what is messing up balancing
59
What is an Autotroph/Producer?
Organisms that synthesize their own food
60
What is a Heterotroph/Consumer?
Organisms that obtain their carbon from organic molecules that are synthesize by other organisms
61
What are Food Webs?
They trace the cycling of elements from the environment through a succession of organisms then back to environement
62
What is a Trophic Pyramid?
A diagram that traces the flow of energy through communities -- They show the amount of E available at each trophic level to feed the rest -- Shape is because BIOMASS generally decreases from 1 trophic level to the next
63
What is Biomagnification?
The concentration of biochemicals that is move upwards in food chains (Multiple organisms)
64
What is Bioaccumulation?
The increase in concentration of biochemicals in 1 organism
65
What is Liebig's Law of the Minimum
Primary production is limited by the nutrient that is least available relative to its use by Primary producers
66
What is a Biome?
The distinctive and stable assemblage of species that is recognizable by their distinctive vegetation
67
What affect Temperature and Precipitation in Biomes?
Latitude and Altitude
68
Describe the Tundra Biome
Coldest Biome Has permafrost -- Soil is always frozen Temp. and PPT are LOW EVAP. LOW Low number of primary producers Plant diversity LOW
69
Describe the Taiga Biome
Has cool and moist forests Short summers Deep, acidic soils that are low in nutrients Low growing conifers
70
Describe the Alpine Biome
High altitude that's just below persistent snow elevation Windy and Cold Many plants are LOW to the ground (height) and slow growing
71
Describe the Temperate Coniferous Forest Biome
Warm and mild summers HIGH PPT. in Winter Low understory (plant life close to the soil) Some very big trees
72
Describe the Deciduous Forest Biome
Hardwood Forests Moderate TEMP. variation Fairly consistent PPT Rich soils (Resulted from decay of leaves)
73
Describe Temperate Grassland Biomes
Grass Dominated Low PPT = Limited Trees = Fire disturbance (apart of cycle) Good quality soil that's often converted into agriculture
74
Describe the Desert Biome
HIGH Temp. Very little PPT that is due to wind Plants are DEEP rooted where many are able to store water
75
Describe the Chaparral Biome
Very seasonal rainforests Drought and fire resistant trees Poor soils
76
Describe the Savanna Biome
Very seasonal rainfall HIGHT Temp. Grass dominated Fire maintained HIGHT Animal diversity
77
Describe the Rainforest Biome
The most diverse biome Tall trees that often have Buttresses that add extra support Fairly consistently HIGH Temp. Lots of PPT

BIOLOGY 1020H ECOLOGY (3 decks)

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