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BIOLOGY 1020H ECOLOGY > 2050H Midterm > Flashcards

2050H Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Autosome

A

Paired chromosomes that have the same length/shape

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2
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes with different length and shape

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3
Q

Name the different parts of Mitosis

A

INTERPHASE
G1 - Cell grows
S - DNA duplication
G2 - Cell prepared for Mitosis

M PHASE
Mitosis - Actual cell division
Cytokinesis - Cytoplasm splits

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4
Q

Name the sections of Chromatids and the different chromosome types

A

Telomere, centromere and then Metacentric, Submetacentric, Acrocentric, and Telocentric

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5
Q

Prophase

A

Chromones condense and mitotic spindle forms

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6
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear membrane disintegrates and spindle fibers attach to chromatids

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7
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

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8
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles

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9
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles and nuclear membrane reforms

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10
Q

Name the differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Produces Gametes (4 daughter cells) and during metaphase II the chromosomes line up on equitorial plate.

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11
Q

Crossing over

A

The physical exchange of segments of non-sister chromatids that occurs in LATE PROPHASE 1

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12
Q

Independent assortment

A

Random Distribution of Paternal and Maternal chromosomes that occurs in METAPHASE II

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13
Q

What is G bonding

A

Karyotype preparation that shows A-T base pairs

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14
Q

What is R bonding

A

Karyotype preparation that shows C-G base pairs

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15
Q

What is Q bonding

A

Shows C-G vs A-T base pairs

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16
Q

What is C bonding

A

Shows the position of centromeres on chromosomes

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17
Q

What are duplications

A

When part of the chromosome is doubled

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18
Q

Tandem Duplication

A

Duplication is next to the original segment

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19
Q

Displaced duplication

A

Duplication is some distance from original segment

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20
Q

Reverse Duplication

A

The duplication is next to original segment and is reversed (EFFE)

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21
Q

Why do duplications affect phenotypes?

A

They have additional copies of normal sequences and therefore can cause dosage problems where more proteins are created which can cause abnormal development

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22
Q

What are deletions`

A

The loss of a chromosome segments

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23
Q

What phenotypic effects do deletions cause?

A

Hetero. deletions cause DOSAGE PROBLEMS
Homo. deletions are LETHAL as may lose essential gene
Can cause PSEUDODOMINANCE
Can affect HAPLOINSUFFICIENT GENES (2 copies of a gene required for phenotype)

24
Q

What are inversions?

A

When DNA breaks, is reversed, and re-inserted into the OG Chromosome

25
Q

PARAcentric Inversion

A

Inversion not at centromere

26
Q

PERIcentric inversion

A

Inversion at centromere

27
Q

What’s the position effect

A

when genes are expressed at the wrong time or wrong order

28
Q

What are translocations

A

the movement of genetic material between NON homo. chromosomes or between the same chromosomes

29
Q

Non reciprocal translocation

A

no exchange between 2 chromosomes

30
Q

Reciprocal translocation

A

Exchange between chromosomes (can cause position effect)

31
Q

Robertsonian Translocation

A

When the short ends of 2 acrocentric chromosomes swap and create a fragment and a metacentric chromosome

32
Q

What is evolution?

A

The change of allele frequencies over time

33
Q

What is in a non evolving population?

A
  1. Very large pop. size
  2. No migration
  3. No mutation
  4. Random mating
  5. no natural selection
    Allele and genotypic frequencies are constant
34
Q

Inbreeding

A

Mating between related INDV. that affects proportions of hetero. and homo. INDV but doesn’t affect allele frequencies

35
Q

What is assortive mating

A

mating between INDV. with the same phenotypes

36
Q

What are the sections of the theory of evolution

A

DARWIN
1. Overproduction - Every species produce more offspring thatn can survive to maturity
2. Variation - INDV. of a pop. have diff. characteristics
3. Selection - Some INDV. survive longer and reproduce more than others
4. Adaptations - The traits of those that survive will continue to become more common in pop.

37
Q

Why is variation IMP.

A

The environment changes and so more variation within a pop. the more likely it will survive

38
Q

What is fitness

A

The relative reproductive success of a genotype

39
Q

What is DIRECTIONAL NS

A

Phenotypes at either end of spectrum are selected and an extreme trait is selected and therefore shifting pop. towards homozygosity

40
Q

STABILIZING

A

NS favors an intermediate phenotype

41
Q

DISRUPTIVE

A

NS favors extreme phenotypes over intermediate

42
Q

What is sexual selection

A

selection through preference through preference by 1 sex for certain characteristics of the other sex
Sexual dimorphism
Demonstrates fitness
INCREASES reproductive success

43
Q

What are subspecies

A

species that are genetically and/or phenotypically distinct
AND are able to interbreed

44
Q

Pre-zygotic barriers

A

Gametes from diff. species are prevented from fusing
- Incompatible gametes
- DIFF. habitats therefore INDV cant meet
- Mechanical barriers where they have different reproductive organs

45
Q

Post zygotic barriers

A

Gametes can fuse but cannot reproduce
- Creates HYBRIDS that are sterile

46
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

POP. is split by geographic barriers
- geographic barrier creates genetic differences between 2 groups and creates Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

47
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

No geographic Barrier
- Niche exploitation may cause divergence

48
Q

Biological species concept

A

ERNST MAYR
Group of organisms that can interbreed and exchange genes
- They are reproductively isolated from other species

49
Q

Recognition Species concept

A

species is a set of organisms that can recognize each other as potential mates but dont necessarily need to be able to mate

50
Q

Phenetic Species concept

A

A species is a set of organisms that are phenotypically similar and that look different from other sets of organisms

51
Q

Genotype cluster species concept

A

a species is represented by a genetically differentiated group that may experience some gene flow b/w pop.

52
Q

Phylogenetic Species concept

A

species are the smallest monophyletic groups and share exclusive common ancestors

53
Q

what constitues mtDNA

A

13 genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation
22 TRNA
2 Ribosomal RNA

54
Q

what are some advantages to mtDNA

A

Inherited without recombination
high mutation rate
can gain good analysis from bad or good samples

55
Q

what are some disadvantages to mtDNA

A

Information available from female history

56
Q

what are nonsynonymous changes

A

MISSENSE or NONSENSE mutations in DNA that change the amino acid

57
Q

What are synonymous changes

A

SILENT mutations in DNA that DONT change the amino acid

BIOLOGY 1020H ECOLOGY (3 decks)

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