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Biosci 3110: BME > Bioinstrumentation/Biosensing > Flashcards

Bioinstrumentation/Biosensing Flashcards

1
Q

Membrane potential

A

charge separation due to the unequal distribution of ions (can also be called voltage)

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2
Q

Active transport proteins

A

open temporarily in response to stimuli

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3
Q

Passive transport proteins

A

always open

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4
Q

Ion pump

A

transport protein that requires external energy

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5
Q

Electric field lines of an electric field

A

charges placed on an electric field line will move along it, attracted by one charge and repelled by the other (solid, curve towards midline)

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6
Q

Equipotential lines of an electric field

A

the charge in voltage along an equipotential line is zero

such lines are always perpendicular to the electric field lines

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7
Q

Trinity of an electric field

A

charge, electric field, potential difference

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8
Q

Equation for resting potential (Vm)

A

Vm = Vi - Vo which is about -60 mV

Vi is intracellular, Vo is extracellular

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9
Q

What are the two mechanisms of ion distribution?

A

Drift and diffusion

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10
Q

Describe drift (ion distribution)

A

motion of charge carriers due to force exerted by electric field

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11
Q

Describe diffusion (ion distribution)

A

process of particles distributing themselves from regions of high concentration to those of low concentration

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12
Q

Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium

A

calculation of potential with two ions

charge neutrality condition -> total positive charges need to equal total negative charges

[X+]o/[X+]i = [X-]i/[X-]o

[X+]o[X-]o = [X+]i[X-]i

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13
Q

Dendrite

A

neurotransmitter receptor, responds to chemical stimulus and converts it to electricity

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14
Q

Synaptic junction

A

neurotransmitter producer, electric to chemical transduction

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15
Q

EEG stands for and description

A

electroencephalogram

electrophysiological brain activity recorded over scalp

Passive

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16
Q

Pacemaker cell

A

cells that create rhythmic electrical impulses that start at the sinoatrial/SA note -> atrial area -> ventricular area

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17
Q

Gap Junction

A

cell membrane protein that allows for direct passage of ions between adjacent cardiac muscle cells

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18
Q

ECC/EKG stands for

A

electrocardiogram, heart activity

Passive

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19
Q

V = IR

A

current (I) is the rate of flow of dc electrical charge, measured in amps

voltage (v) is the energy given to the charge carriers, measured in volts

resistance (r) is the opposition of a component to the movement of electrical charge, in ohms

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20
Q

Kirchhoffā€™s Voltage Law

A

for a closed loop series path the algebraic sum of all voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is 0

conservation of energy

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21
Q

Kirchhoffā€™s Current Law

A

total current entering a circuitā€™s junction is equal to the total current leaving the same junction

conservation of charge

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22
Q

Ideal voltage source

A

a device that generates an exact output voltage which does not change regardless of the load current

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23
Q

Ideal current source

A

a device that generates an exact and constant current flow to a circuit regardless of the voltage

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24
Q

Short Circuit

A

two terminals of a circuit are externally connected with resistance equal to 0 and a voltage drop of 0

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25
Q

Open Circuit

A

two terminals of a circuit are externally disconnected, equivalent to current = 0

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26
Q

Electrical Impedance (3 parts)

A

the total opposition that a circuit presents to alternating current, including resistance (DC), inductive reactance, and capacitive reactance

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27
Q

Inductor and Inductive reactance

A

a device that stores energy in a magnetic field to preserve current

the impedance to AC in an inductor

28
Q

Capacitor and capacitive reactance

A

a device that stores energy in an electric field to preserve voltage

the impedance to the flow of AC in a capacitor

29
Q

Ideal Voltmeter (R=?)

A

used to measure voltage, should have resistance equal to infinity to block any current passing through the meter and altering the voltage drop of the device the voltmeter is measuring

Passive

30
Q

Ideal Ammeter (R=?)

A

used to measure current, should have resistance = 0 to prevent adding additional resistance to the device the ammeter is measuring

Passive

31
Q

Ideal Ohmmeter (R=?)

A

used to measure resistance, composed of a voltage source providing a known voltage, small internal resistance (so that current will not go to infinity if the resistance of the device is 0), and an ammeter

Vr = I (Rr + R)

Active

32
Q

Ground

A

a point in a circuit chosen to be a reference point with v=0 (voltage is relative), can absorb charge

33
Q

Earth Ground

A

a ground physically connected to earth via a conductive material

34
Q

Common Ground

A

a ground-collection point that connects to the metal enclosure of an electrical device

35
Q

Parallel resistance and the current division rule

A

a parallel circuit acts as current divider; current divides in all branches, and the voltage remains the same across them;
determines the current across the circuit impedance

36
Q

Series resistance and the voltage division rule

A

voltage is divided but current is constant, the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit = value of that resistor times the total impressed voltage across the series elements divided by the total resistance of the series elements

V1 = V R1/(R1+R2)

37
Q

Types of potential static mode (2)

A

chronoamperometry (DC)
voltammetry (AC)

Active

38
Q

Potential static mode (provide/measure)

A

provide programmed voltage and measure corresponding current

Active

39
Q

Types of galvanostatic (1)

A

chronopotentiometry

Active

40
Q

Galvanostatic (provide/measure)

A

provide programmed current and measure associated voltage

Active

41
Q

Impedimetric (not impedance) (provide/measure)

A

measure impedance with AC signal, provide voltage or current and measure associated current or voltage

Active

42
Q

Potentiometric (provide/measure)

A

passive voltage measurement with no current (I=0)

Passive

43
Q

Passive Modes: I = 0 (1)

A

potentiometric

44
Q

Active Modes (I>0), Control V (5)

A 
potential static
voltammetry
chronoampermetry
amperometry
impedimetric
45
Q

Active Modes (I>0), Control I (2)

A

galvanostatic

impedimetric

46
Q

Passive tests (4) Eā€“

A

EEG
ECG/EKG
EGG
EMG

47
Q

EGG stands for

A

electrogastrogram, stomach muscles

Passive

48
Q

EMG stands for

A

electromyogram, muscles

Passive

49
Q 
Active tests (3) 
- three letter acronyms
A

GSR
EDA
ICG

50
Q

GSR stands for

A

galvonic skin responce, skin resistance

Active

51
Q

EDA stands for

A

electrodermal activity, skin signals

Active

52
Q

ICG stands for

A

impedance cardiography

Active

53
Q

Displacement measurement

A

displacement is produced by a tensile force (ex: strain stress, pressure)

54
Q

Strain gauge

A

flexible substrate with single resistor that bends with pressure, causing a change in resistance

can determine both magnitude and direction of force

55
Q

Capacitive Sensor

A

measures compressive force by calculating the change in capacitance (the ability of a system to store an electric charge)

56
Q

Q = C V

A

charge = capacitance * voltage

57
Q

C = E * A/D

A

capacitance = electricity * (area of plates/thickness or gap)

increase in pressure lowers d and raises c

58
Q

Two types of temperature sensors

A

termistors and thermocouples

59
Q

Termistor

A

temperature sensitive transducers, resistance changes with the change in temperature

60
Q

Thermocouples

A

temperature transducers formed by joining two metals with un= thermal expansion coefficients (bimorph) whose junctions produce an electromotive force when maintained at different temps, allowing the thermocouple to recognize a temperature difference

61
Q

Ion-sensitive electrodes

A

composed of 2 half cells, a working electrode and a reference electrode

passive test of equilibrium potential, no current

working electrode is metal -> internal filling solution -> selective membrane (only develops variable potential in response to H+ ions) -> sample solution

reference electrode is sample solution -> liquid junction/salt bridge -> internal solution -> metal

voltmeter, uses E=Eo -(RT/zF) * Log [H+]

potentiometric, passive

62
Q

Oxygen Sensor

A

amperometric (measurement is based on the production of a current when a voltage is applied between two electrodes)

uses O2 + 2H2O + 4e- (voltage) -> 4OH- + current

O2 reduced at negative chatode is directly proportional to current produced

electrodes are in electrolyte solution and surrounded by O2 permeable Teflon/polypropylene membrane

Active

63
Q

Glucose Sensor

A

based on immobilized glucose oxidase

Glucose + O2 + H2O -> gluconic acid + H2O2

H2O2 -> 2H+ + O2 + 2E- (current)

64
Q

Pulse oximeter

A

measure absorbance at two wavelengths, red (where HBO2 > Hb) and near infrared (about =)

photoplethysmographic signal caused by changes in arterial blood volume above resting

electric circuits seperate data into pulsatile (AC) and non-pulsatile (DC)

65
Q

Fiber optic sensor

A

used to transmit light with minimal reduction

made of two concentric and transparent glass/plastic materials (center is core, outer is coating/cladding) whose different refractive indexs prevent light from escaping

made of optical fiber, sensing element -> immobilized analyte-specific luminophone, light source (exitate) and photodectector

66
Q

Luminophore

A

part of a chemical that is responsible for luminescent properties

67
Q

Luminescence

A

includes photoluminescence, fluorescense, chemilumescence

combined from chemical or EM

Biosci 3110: BME (6 decks)

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