A&P Flashcards
two problems with tissue engineering
blood flow and rejection
what 2 systems control the body
Nervous and endocrine
shape of nanoparticles cross the plasma membrane the best
disk
father of artifical organs
Willem Kolff
father of artifical organs 3 firsts
First blood bank
First artificial kidney
First dialysis machine
basal
towards the inside
apical
towards the outside
superfical
near the surface/outside/top
deep
parts that are more internal (away from superficial)
anterior
towards the front
posterior
towards the back
medial
towards the midline
lateral
towards the side
superior
closer to head
inferior
away from the head, towards the feet
proximal
closer to the trunk/medial
distal
farther from the trunk
sagittal plane
Cutting into left and right
midsaggital plane
Cutting into half at midline
frontal or coronal plane
Cutting into front and back
transverse plane
Divides into top and bottom
oblique plane
Cut diagonally
define tissue
Group of cells all functioning together
define -cyte
adult cell that does not reproduce or secrete
define -blast
young cell that secretes
define lumen
the inside/top space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine
define CT scan
Combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues
define PET scan
blood flow
define H/E stain
Hematoxylin and eosin, purple is negative or DNA (labels nucleus), pink is positive and labels proteins
define basement membrane
a thin, delicate membrane of protein fibers and glycosaminoglycans separating an epithelium from underlying tissues
define foreign-body giant cell
a collection of fused macrophages which are generated in response to the presence of a large foreign body
sciatic nerve
largest nerve in the body, running from the lower back down the back of each leg
how many types of cells
200
function of cell membrane
Selective permeability
Cellular communication
composition of cell membrane
Phospholipids → Amphipathic
Glycolipids → Cell signaling
Cholesterol → Harden cell membrane, component of myelin sheaths
Proteins → Peripheral and Integral, channels, markers, and receptors
define cytoplasm
Made of cytosol and organelles
3 parts of cytoskeleton and materials
Microfilaments → Actin, flexible and solid
Intermediate filaments → Keratin
Microtubules → Tubulin, largest, shrink after dividing
function of mitocondria
Contains DNA and enzymes, produces ATP
mitocondria common in
muscle, nerve cells, and stem cells
loss of mitocondria leads to or is found in
multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, diabetes
function of lysosome
Degrades with pH of 4.3
lysosome common in
Common in macrophages
function of SER
Produces phospholipids, detoxification, stores Ca
SER common in
Common in muscle cells, store calcium
Function of golgi
Help protein packaging and folding
Golgi common in
Common in fibroblasts
Function of RER
Synthesizes and modifies proteins
RER common in
nervous system, fibroblasts
describe proteasome
Protein complex of proteases that destroy proteins
describe cilia
MTs form hair-like projections that aid in movement through passages
how many organ systems are there
11
major organs of integumertary
Epidermis, sweat glands, hair, nails
function of integumentary system
Protect from environment
Regulate body temperature
Provide sensory information
zinc oxide
Zinc oxide NANOparticles → interferes with MT, causes cancer
quadriplegics and integumentary
Quadriplegics → cannot sweat
keloids
Keloids → raised scars, fibroblasts over-secrete collagen
rickets
Rickets → bowed legs due to lack of vitamin D
low iron and integumentary
Low iron → reduce white part of nail
Lewandowsky-lutz dysplasia
Lewandowsky-Lutz Dysplasia → HPV
major organs of skeletal system
Bones, cartigates, associated ligaments
function of skeletal system
Support and protection of tissues (Inelastic with large tensile strength)
Stores calcium and other minerals
Forms blood cells
scurvy
Scurvy → Lack of vitamin C causes teeth and nails to fall out
osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteogenesis imperfecta → brittle bone disease
major organs of muscular system
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
function of muscular system
Provides movement and support
Generates heat
major organs of nervous system
CNS → brain and spinal cord
PNS → peripheral nerves and sense organs
function of nervous system
Directs immediate responses to stimuli
Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
mechanism of peripheral nerve + spinal cord repair
Peripheral nerves and spinal cord can repair due to Schwann/fibroblasts
similarity between einstein and dahmer
Einstein/Dahmer → left brain right brain separation
major organs of endocrine system
pituitary gland, pancreas, gonads, endocrine tissue in other systems
function of endocrine system
Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
Controls many structural and functional changes during development
functions of cardiovascular system
Distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste, oxygen
Distributes heats and helps control body temperature
organization of cardiovascular tissue (veins, arteries, capillaries)
Arteries → Carry blood away from the heart
Veins → Carry blood back to the heart
Capillaries → Connect arteries and veins
Where cancer and immune cells circulate
effect of diabetes on cardiovascular system
Blood vessel lined with epithelial cells, underneath those are a basement membrane (and connective tissue) which is thickened in diabetics which increases the shear flow and heart rate, causing mitochondria to die of overwork, leading to slow healing and nerve dullness
four main tissue types
connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
general characteristics of connective tissue
Most abundant
Well vascularized
Mostly ECM, few cells
Cells can reproduce
general function of connective tissue
Mechanical support/Structure Metabolic Defense Repair (stem cells) Storage
3 main parts of connective tissue
ECM, cells, ground substance
3 types of proteins found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue
collagen, elastin, reticular
describe collagen protein (ECM)
most numerous, inelastic but large tensile strength
Many types, 1 most common, parallel in scars
describe elastin protein (ECM)
allows tissues to expand/stretch without deformation
describe reticular protein (ECM)
wound healing, small/thin
Common in liver
loose connective
Characteristics, Function, Location: fibroblast cells
Fixed connective cell
Fibroblast → most common, secretes connective tissue
Large branching cells
Characteristics, Function, Location: adipocyte cells
Fixed connective cell
Adipocytes → store fat, insulates, produces heat
Flattened, eccentric nucleus with a narrow ring of cytoplasm
Characteristics, Function, Location: mast cells
Wandering connective cell
Mast → release histamines/heparin/serotonin, many secretory granules
Large nucleus, only seen alongside small blood vessels
Characteristics, Function, Location: plasma cells
wandering connective cell
produces antibodies
Characteristics, Function, Location: macrophage cells
wandering connective cell
Macrophage → also very common, eats things
Many different types derived from monocytes, can undergo cell death and release large amounts of acid
Characteristics, Function, Location: erythrocyte cells
wandering connective cell
red blood cells
Characteristics, Function, Location: leukocyte cells
wandering connective cell
Leukocytes → white blood cells, fight foreign bodies
Come from bone marrow
Include lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Define ground substance
amorphous gelatinous material that fills the spaces between fibers and cells consisting of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins
Imparts strength and rigidity
What are the five subtypes of connective tissue?
loose, dense, cartilage, bone, liquid
Characteristics, Function, Identity: areolar tissue
loose connective
Areolar → least specialized, elastic/collagen, fibroblasts/macrophages
Characteristics, Function, Identity, Subtypes: adipose tissue
loose connective
Adipose → contains many adipocytes, two types
White or Subcutaneous
More common, large droplets, protects/heats, stem cells
Brown or Visceral
More vascularized, tiny droplets, adipocytes many mito.
location, identity: reticular tissue
loose connective tissue
liver
Describe tendons, ligaments, and fascia
dense connective
Tendons are muscle to bone, ligaments are bone to bone, muscle to muscle is fascia
Characteristics, Function, Identity: dense elastic tissue
dense connective
Between vertebrae, easier to regenerate
Characteristics, Function, Identity: dense irregular tissue
dense connective
Irregular collagen with some elastic, mostly fibroblasts, withstand tension in many directions
Characteristics, Function, Identity: dense regular tissue
dense connective tissue
Parallel collagen with few elastic, mostly fibroblasts, tendons
Define cartilage
subtype of connective tissue
lacks nerve fibers and avascular
Characteristics, Function, Identity: chondrocyte cells
cartilage
Produce + maintain cartilaginous matrix (collagen/proteoglycans)
Characteristics, Function, Identity: hyaline tissue
Cartilage
Stiff/flexible, ends of bone + support healing, proliferate → die → change pH → body sends Ca
Characteristics, Function, Identity: fibrocartilae
cartilage
Limits movement, between vertebrae, can’t repair, no vasculature
Characteristics, Function, Identity: elastic cartilage
cartilage
Supportive but bends easily, vascularized, in ears
Function and formation of bone
Support, armor, metabolic role (Ca)
Must develop from dermis or hyaline, made of spongy and compact
Describe osteocyte cells
Osteocytes → bone cells, determine if Ca is needed
Describe osteoclast cells
Osteoclasts/Macrophages → eat bone to release Ca
name components of the liquid subtype of connective tissue
blood, lymph, white blood cells
sclerosis
Sclerosis → excess collagen pushes on organs, no trigger, can be deadly
osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis → Bones are degrading
rheumatiod arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis → Autoimmune disease against synovial fluid
Describe characteristics of epithelial tissue
Cell junctions for binding to cells + basement membrane + ECM
Polar → apical and basal
Rapidly reproducing avascular
Mostly cells, few ECM
classification system of epithelial system
Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar
Squamous → flat and rectangular
Cuboidal → cube-shaped
Columnar → tall and narrow
Simple and Stratified
Simple is one layer, stratified is multiple
function of epithelial tissue
Physical protection against abrasions
Selective permeability
Secretions (glands and mucus)
Sensations → send stimulus to CNS
epithelial: simple squamous
blood vessels, endothelium
Molecules and cells can squeeze through
epithelial: stratified squamous
skin,
Multi-layered and resistant to water
epithelial: simple cubiodal
other glands
epithelial: stratified cubiodal
sweat glands
epithelial: simple columnar
gut, esophagus
epithelial: stratified columnar
Nose and mouth to esophagus
epithelial: transitional epithelium
in bladder, can turn from cuboidal to squamous
epithelial : pseudostratified
some cells go all the way down, some don’t, trachea
characteristics of muscle tissue
Striations → actin/myosin, many MFs
Many bundles of fibers form into larger bundles
Surrounded by sarcolemma
describe cardiac muscle
Involuntary
Found in heart
Short and branched striated fibers
describe skeletal muscle
Voluntary
Amount of mitochondria varies
Long striated fibers
function of nervous tissue
Detects changes, responds to changes by activating muscles and glands (send and receive information)
describe smooth muscle
Involuntary Found in blood vessels, guts, lungs, secretions Independant cells that come together Short spindle-shaped un-striated fibers Vascularized
parts of neuron
Body is called the soma, has threads of axon
Signals are from 60 to 85 mV
Soma interprets multiple signals, threshold of 85mV
Myelin sheath provides protection and helps speed signal
role of satellite cells
Insulates the neuron and protects against too high charges
Seizure drugs work on the satellite cells
role of oligodendrocyte cells
produce myelin in CNS
role of schwann cells
Produce myelin in PNS, allow PNS to repair itself
role of astrocyte cells
Regulate ion/oxygen concentration, uptake/breakdown neurotransmitters, form blood-brain barrier
Demand Ca from bone
role of microglia cells
Protect the nervous system against infection
Not nervous system, more like macrophages
Actual macrophages would eat the myelin because it is not found anywhere else in the body
Excess of lysosomes
role of ependymal cells
Produce cerebrospinal fluid and make up blood-brain barrier
