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Biosci 3110: BME > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

two problems with tissue engineering

A

blood flow and rejection

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2
Q

what 2 systems control the body

A

Nervous and endocrine

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3
Q

shape of nanoparticles cross the plasma membrane the best

A

disk

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4
Q

father of artifical organs

A

Willem Kolff

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5
Q

father of artifical organs 3 firsts

A

First blood bank
First artificial kidney
First dialysis machine

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6
Q

basal

A

towards the inside

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7
Q

apical

A

towards the outside

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8
Q

superfical

A

near the surface/outside/top

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9
Q

deep

A

parts that are more internal (away from superficial)

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10
Q

anterior

A

towards the front

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11
Q

posterior

A

towards the back

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12
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

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13
Q

lateral

A

towards the side

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14
Q

superior

A

closer to head

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15
Q

inferior

A

away from the head, towards the feet

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16
Q

proximal

A

closer to the trunk/medial

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17
Q

distal

A

farther from the trunk

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18
Q

sagittal plane

A

Cutting into left and right

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19
Q

midsaggital plane

A

Cutting into half at midline

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20
Q

frontal or coronal plane

A

Cutting into front and back

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21
Q

transverse plane

A

Divides into top and bottom

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22
Q

oblique plane

A

Cut diagonally

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23
Q

define tissue

A

Group of cells all functioning together

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24
Q

define -cyte

A

adult cell that does not reproduce or secrete

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25
Q

define -blast

A

young cell that secretes

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26
Q

define lumen

A

the inside/top space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine

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27
Q

define CT scan

A

Combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues

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28
Q

define PET scan

A

blood flow

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29
Q

define H/E stain

A

Hematoxylin and eosin, purple is negative or DNA (labels nucleus), pink is positive and labels proteins

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30
Q

define basement membrane

A

a thin, delicate membrane of protein fibers and glycosaminoglycans separating an epithelium from underlying tissues

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31
Q

define foreign-body giant cell

A

a collection of fused macrophages which are generated in response to the presence of a large foreign body

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32
Q

sciatic nerve

A

largest nerve in the body, running from the lower back down the back of each leg

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33
Q

how many types of cells

A

200

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34
Q

function of cell membrane

A

Selective permeability

Cellular communication

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35
Q

composition of cell membrane

A

Phospholipids → Amphipathic
Glycolipids → Cell signaling
Cholesterol → Harden cell membrane, component of myelin sheaths
Proteins → Peripheral and Integral, channels, markers, and receptors

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36
Q

define cytoplasm

A

Made of cytosol and organelles

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37
Q

3 parts of cytoskeleton and materials

A

Microfilaments → Actin, flexible and solid
Intermediate filaments → Keratin
Microtubules → Tubulin, largest, shrink after dividing

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38
Q

function of mitocondria

A

Contains DNA and enzymes, produces ATP

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39
Q

mitocondria common in

A

muscle, nerve cells, and stem cells

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40
Q

loss of mitocondria leads to or is found in

A

multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, diabetes

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41
Q

function of lysosome

A

Degrades with pH of 4.3

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42
Q

lysosome common in

A

Common in macrophages

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43
Q

function of SER

A

Produces phospholipids, detoxification, stores Ca

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44
Q

SER common in

A

Common in muscle cells, store calcium

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45
Q

Function of golgi

A

Help protein packaging and folding

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46
Q

Golgi common in

A

Common in fibroblasts

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47
Q

Function of RER

A

Synthesizes and modifies proteins

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48
Q

RER common in

A

nervous system, fibroblasts

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49
Q

describe proteasome

A

Protein complex of proteases that destroy proteins

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50
Q

describe cilia

A

MTs form hair-like projections that aid in movement through passages

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51
Q

how many organ systems are there

A

11

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52
Q

major organs of integumertary

A

Epidermis, sweat glands, hair, nails

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53
Q

function of integumentary system

A

Protect from environment
Regulate body temperature
Provide sensory information

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54
Q

zinc oxide

A

Zinc oxide NANOparticles → interferes with MT, causes cancer

55
Q

quadriplegics and integumentary

A

Quadriplegics → cannot sweat

56
Q

keloids

A

Keloids → raised scars, fibroblasts over-secrete collagen

57
Q

rickets

A

Rickets → bowed legs due to lack of vitamin D

58
Q

low iron and integumentary

A

Low iron → reduce white part of nail

59
Q

Lewandowsky-lutz dysplasia

A

Lewandowsky-Lutz Dysplasia → HPV

60
Q

major organs of skeletal system

A

Bones, cartigates, associated ligaments

61
Q

function of skeletal system

A

Support and protection of tissues (Inelastic with large tensile strength)
Stores calcium and other minerals
Forms blood cells

62
Q

scurvy

A

Scurvy → Lack of vitamin C causes teeth and nails to fall out

63
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta → brittle bone disease

64
Q

major organs of muscular system

A

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons

65
Q

function of muscular system

A

Provides movement and support

Generates heat

66
Q

major organs of nervous system

A

CNS → brain and spinal cord

PNS → peripheral nerves and sense organs

67
Q

function of nervous system

A

Directs immediate responses to stimuli
Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

68
Q

mechanism of peripheral nerve + spinal cord repair

A

Peripheral nerves and spinal cord can repair due to Schwann/fibroblasts

69
Q

similarity between einstein and dahmer

A

Einstein/Dahmer → left brain right brain separation

70
Q

major organs of endocrine system

A

pituitary gland, pancreas, gonads, endocrine tissue in other systems

71
Q

function of endocrine system

A

Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
Controls many structural and functional changes during development

72
Q

functions of cardiovascular system

A

Distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste, oxygen

Distributes heats and helps control body temperature

73
Q

organization of cardiovascular tissue (veins, arteries, capillaries)

A

Arteries → Carry blood away from the heart
Veins → Carry blood back to the heart
Capillaries → Connect arteries and veins
Where cancer and immune cells circulate

74
Q

effect of diabetes on cardiovascular system

A

Blood vessel lined with epithelial cells, underneath those are a basement membrane (and connective tissue) which is thickened in diabetics which increases the shear flow and heart rate, causing mitochondria to die of overwork, leading to slow healing and nerve dullness

75
Q

four main tissue types

A

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

76
Q

general characteristics of connective tissue

A

Most abundant
Well vascularized
Mostly ECM, few cells
Cells can reproduce

77
Q

general function of connective tissue

A 
Mechanical support/Structure
Metabolic
Defense
Repair (stem cells)
Storage
78
Q

3 main parts of connective tissue

A

ECM, cells, ground substance

79
Q

3 types of proteins found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

A

collagen, elastin, reticular

80
Q

describe collagen protein (ECM)

A

most numerous, inelastic but large tensile strength

Many types, 1 most common, parallel in scars

81
Q

describe elastin protein (ECM)

A

allows tissues to expand/stretch without deformation

82
Q

describe reticular protein (ECM)

A

wound healing, small/thin
Common in liver
loose connective

83
Q

Characteristics, Function, Location: fibroblast cells

A

Fixed connective cell

Fibroblast → most common, secretes connective tissue
Large branching cells

84
Q

Characteristics, Function, Location: adipocyte cells

A

Fixed connective cell

Adipocytes → store fat, insulates, produces heat
Flattened, eccentric nucleus with a narrow ring of cytoplasm

85
Q

Characteristics, Function, Location: mast cells

A

Wandering connective cell

Mast → release histamines/heparin/serotonin, many secretory granules
Large nucleus, only seen alongside small blood vessels

86
Q

Characteristics, Function, Location: plasma cells

A

wandering connective cell

produces antibodies

87
Q

Characteristics, Function, Location: macrophage cells

A

wandering connective cell

Macrophage → also very common, eats things
Many different types derived from monocytes, can undergo cell death and release large amounts of acid

88
Q

Characteristics, Function, Location: erythrocyte cells

A

wandering connective cell

red blood cells

89
Q

Characteristics, Function, Location: leukocyte cells

A

wandering connective cell

Leukocytes → white blood cells, fight foreign bodies
Come from bone marrow
Include lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

90
Q

Define ground substance

A

amorphous gelatinous material that fills the spaces between fibers and cells consisting of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins

Imparts strength and rigidity

91
Q

What are the five subtypes of connective tissue?

A

loose, dense, cartilage, bone, liquid

92
Q

Characteristics, Function, Identity: areolar tissue

A

loose connective

Areolar → least specialized, elastic/collagen, fibroblasts/macrophages

93
Q

Characteristics, Function, Identity, Subtypes: adipose tissue

A

loose connective

Adipose → contains many adipocytes, two types

White or Subcutaneous
More common, large droplets, protects/heats, stem cells

Brown or Visceral
More vascularized, tiny droplets, adipocytes many mito.

94
Q

location, identity: reticular tissue

A

loose connective tissue

liver

95
Q

Describe tendons, ligaments, and fascia

A

dense connective

Tendons are muscle to bone, ligaments are bone to bone, muscle to muscle is fascia

96
Q

Characteristics, Function, Identity: dense elastic tissue

A

dense connective

Between vertebrae, easier to regenerate

97
Q

Characteristics, Function, Identity: dense irregular tissue

A

dense connective

Irregular collagen with some elastic, mostly fibroblasts, withstand tension in many directions

98
Q

Characteristics, Function, Identity: dense regular tissue

A

dense connective tissue

Parallel collagen with few elastic, mostly fibroblasts, tendons

99
Q

Define cartilage

A

subtype of connective tissue

lacks nerve fibers and avascular

100
Q

Characteristics, Function, Identity: chondrocyte cells

A

cartilage

Produce + maintain cartilaginous matrix (collagen/proteoglycans)

101
Q

Characteristics, Function, Identity: hyaline tissue

A

Cartilage

Stiff/flexible, ends of bone + support healing, proliferate → die → change pH → body sends Ca

102
Q

Characteristics, Function, Identity: fibrocartilae

A

cartilage

Limits movement, between vertebrae, can’t repair, no vasculature

103
Q

Characteristics, Function, Identity: elastic cartilage

A

cartilage

Supportive but bends easily, vascularized, in ears

103
Q

Function and formation of bone

A

Support, armor, metabolic role (Ca)

Must develop from dermis or hyaline, made of spongy and compact

104
Q

Describe osteocyte cells

A

Osteocytes → bone cells, determine if Ca is needed

105
Q

Describe osteoclast cells

A

Osteoclasts/Macrophages → eat bone to release Ca

106
Q

name components of the liquid subtype of connective tissue

A

blood, lymph, white blood cells

107
Q

sclerosis

A

Sclerosis → excess collagen pushes on organs, no trigger, can be deadly

108
Q

osteoarthritis

A

Osteoarthritis → Bones are degrading

109
Q

rheumatiod arthritis

A

Rheumatoid arthritis → Autoimmune disease against synovial fluid

110
Q

Describe characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

Cell junctions for binding to cells + basement membrane + ECM
Polar → apical and basal
Rapidly reproducing avascular
Mostly cells, few ECM

111
Q

classification system of epithelial system

A

Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar

Squamous → flat and rectangular
Cuboidal → cube-shaped
Columnar → tall and narrow

Simple and Stratified

Simple is one layer, stratified is multiple

111
Q

function of epithelial tissue

A

Physical protection against abrasions
Selective permeability
Secretions (glands and mucus)
Sensations → send stimulus to CNS

112
Q

epithelial: simple squamous

A

blood vessels, endothelium

Molecules and cells can squeeze through

114
Q

epithelial: stratified squamous

A

skin,

Multi-layered and resistant to water

115
Q

epithelial: simple cubiodal

A

other glands

116
Q

epithelial: stratified cubiodal

A

sweat glands

117
Q

epithelial: simple columnar

A

gut, esophagus

118
Q

epithelial: stratified columnar

A

Nose and mouth to esophagus

119
Q

epithelial: transitional epithelium

A

in bladder, can turn from cuboidal to squamous

120
Q

epithelial : pseudostratified

A

some cells go all the way down, some don’t, trachea

121
Q

characteristics of muscle tissue

A

Striations → actin/myosin, many MFs
Many bundles of fibers form into larger bundles
Surrounded by sarcolemma

122
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary
Found in heart
Short and branched striated fibers

123
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary
Amount of mitochondria varies
Long striated fibers

125
Q

function of nervous tissue

A

Detects changes, responds to changes by activating muscles and glands (send and receive information)

125
Q

describe smooth muscle

A 
Involuntary
Found in blood vessels, guts, lungs, secretions
Independant cells that come together 
Short spindle-shaped un-striated fibers
Vascularized
126
Q

parts of neuron

A

Body is called the soma, has threads of axon

Signals are from 60 to 85 mV
Soma interprets multiple signals, threshold of 85mV

Myelin sheath provides protection and helps speed signal

127
Q

role of satellite cells

A

Insulates the neuron and protects against too high charges

Seizure drugs work on the satellite cells

128
Q

role of oligodendrocyte cells

A

produce myelin in CNS

129
Q

role of schwann cells

A

Produce myelin in PNS, allow PNS to repair itself

131
Q

role of astrocyte cells

A

Regulate ion/oxygen concentration, uptake/breakdown neurotransmitters, form blood-brain barrier
Demand Ca from bone

131
Q

role of microglia cells

A

Protect the nervous system against infection
Not nervous system, more like macrophages
Actual macrophages would eat the myelin because it is not found anywhere else in the body
Excess of lysosomes

132
Q

role of ependymal cells

A

Produce cerebrospinal fluid and make up blood-brain barrier

Biosci 3110: BME (6 decks)

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