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Western Civ II > Biographical Notes > Flashcards

Biographical Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

(1759-1797): British feminist, often considered the mother of modern feminism, author of “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” (1792).

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2
Q

Klemens von Metternich

A

(1773-1859): Austrian diplomat, one of the architects of the Congress of Vienna and the next 30 years of conservative reaction in Europe. He fell from power during the Revolutions of 1848.

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3
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

(1724-1804): German moral philosopher.

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4
Q

Feodor Dostoevsky

A

(1821-1881): Russian novelist.

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5
Q

Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh

A

(1769-1822): British statesman and diplomat, architect of the final coalition against Napoleon, and one of the principal framers of the Congress of Vienna.

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6
Q

John Calvin

A

(1509-1564): Protestant reformer who became the virtual ruler of Geneva; articulated the idea of predestination.

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7
Q

Author and date: Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

A

Galileo, 1632.

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8
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

(1712-1778): Swiss Philosophe.

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9
Q

Author and date: Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

A

David Hume, written in the 1750s, suppressed until 1779.

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10
Q

For what actions was Slobodan Milosovic tried for crimes against humanity?

A

“Ethnic cleansing” in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1992-1994, and in Kosovo, 1998-1999.

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11
Q

When did Kruschev criticize the Stalinist terror?

A

1956

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12
Q

Gustavus Adolphus

A

(1594-1632), King of Sweden (1611-1632) who made Sweden a major power and blocked Habsburg ambitions in the Thirty Years’ War.

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13
Q

Author and date: Principles of Political Economy

A

John Stuart Mill, 1848.

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14
Q

Leon Trotsky

A

(1879-1940): Russian communist leader, negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) and organized the Red Army.

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15
Q

Louis Philippe

A

(1773-1850): Duke of Valois, duke of Chartres, duke of Orleans; king of France (1830-1848).

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16
Q

Anne Frank

A

(1929-1945): German-born Jewish diarist. Died at Bergen-Belsen in 1945.

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17
Q

Heinrich Himmler

A

(1900-1945): Nazi politician, head of Hitler’s SS.

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18
Q

Who was proprietor of the Congo Free State and when?

A

King Leopold II of Belgium, 1884-1908. Presided over terrible abuses.

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19
Q

Author and date: A Treatise of Human Nature

A

David Hume, 1739-1740.

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20
Q

Which Austrian emperor issued the Edict of Toleration and when?

A

Joseph II, in 1781

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21
Q

Author and date: Principles of Morals and Legislation

A

Jeremy Bentham, 1798.

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22
Q

What famous cause did Emile Zola support

A

Freeing Alfred Dreyfus

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23
Q

Victor Emmanual III

A

(1869-1947): king of Italy (1900-1946).

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24
Q

Author and date: The Sorrows of Young Werther

A

Johan Wolfgang von Goethe, 1774.

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25
Q

Francis II

A

(1544-1560): King of France (1559-1560).

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26
Q

Phillipe, Duke of Anjou

A

(1683-1746): Grandson of Louis XIV. His decision to accept the Spanish crown in 1700 led to the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-17014). King Philip V of Spain (1700-1745).

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27
Q

Jean-Paul Sartre

A

(1905-1980): French existentialist philosopher and novelist.

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28
Q

Ludwig van Beethoven

A

(1770-1827): German composer, often credited with propelling music into the Romantic age, a democrat and critic of Napoleon.

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29
Q

Alexander II

A

(1818-1881), Liberal, reforming Czar of Russia (1855-1881).

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30
Q

Author and date: The Birth of Tragedy

A

Friedrich Nietzche, 1872

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31
Q

Author and date: Ulysses

A

James Joyce, 1922.

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32
Q

Charles IX

A

(1550-1574): King of France (1560-1574) who accepted the advice of his mother to massacre Protestants on St. Bartholomew’s Day in 1572.

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33
Q

Author and date: Nausea

A

Jean-Paul Sartre, 1949

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34
Q

Author and date: The Waste Land

A

T.S. Eliot, 1922

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35
Q

Slobodan Milosevic

A

(1941-2006): Serbian politician, president of Serbia (1988-1997) and reorganized Yugoslavia (1997-1999).

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36
Q

When did Gorbachev when the Nobel Peace Prize?

A

1990

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37
Q

When was the Battle of Lepanto?

A

1571

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38
Q

Author and Date: “The Diary of a Young Girl”

A

Anne Frank, published by her father in 1947.

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39
Q

Rene Descartes

A

(1596-1650): Philosopher, scientist, and mathematician.

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40
Q

What was the pragmatic sanction?

A

Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI’s arrangement, allowing the succession of his daughter Maria Theresa.

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41
Q

Adolf Eichmann

A

(1906-1962): German soldier, SS man, and war criminal, responsible for carrying out Hitler’s “Final Solution” from 1941. Executed in 1960.

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42
Q

Thomas Edison

A

(1847-1931): American inventor, responsible for more than 1,000 patents, including ones for the electric light, the phonograph, the stock ticker, and important work on motion-picture technology.

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43
Q

Author and date: Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

A

James Joyce, 1916.

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44
Q

Henry VIII

A

(1491-1547): King of England (1509-1547) he assumed the leadership of the Church of England and married Anne Boleyn in 1533 after the papacy refused his request of a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

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45
Q

When was the Great Northern War between Sweden and Russia?

A

1700-1721

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46
Q

Author and date: Novum Organum

A

Francis Bacon, 1620

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47
Q

Frederick II (the Great)

A

(1712-1786): King of Prussia (1740-1786).

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48
Q

Ferdinand V of Castile (or II of Aragon)

A

(1452-1516): King of Spain 1479-1516 (jointly with Isabella, 1479-1504).

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49
Q

When was Thomas Jefferson the Governor of Virginia?

A

1779-1781

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50
Q

James Joyce

A

(1882-1941): Irish novelist and proponent of stream-of-consciousness narrative.

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51
Q

Charles I

A

(1600-1649): King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649); his personality and policies helped to precipitate the British Civil Wars of 1637-1660. He was tried and executed on the charge of treason against the people of England in January 1649.

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52
Q

Date and author: Oliver Twist

A

Charles Dickens, 1838.

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53
Q

Author and date: The New Atlantis

A

Francis Bacon, 1627

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54
Q

Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesqueiu

A

(1689-1755): French philosophe of the Enlightenment.

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55
Q

Victor Hugo

A

(1802-1885): French Romantic novelist.

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56
Q

Margaret Thatcher

A

(1926-2013): British politician, prime minister (1979-1990); she cut government spending and social programs, privatized industry, and pursued a strongly pro-American, anti-communist foreign policy.

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57
Q

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

A

(1619-1683): Advisor to Louis XIV from 1665 whose fiscal and military reforms facilitated France’s wars.

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58
Q

Friedrich Engels

A

(1820-1895): Karl Marx’s writing partner.

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59
Q

Author and date: The Will to Power

A

Friedrich Nietzche, 1901

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60
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

(1822-1884): Augustinian monk and botanist who, through experiments on peas, discovered Mendel’s law about heredity and its transmission through genes.

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61
Q

Composer and premier date: Parsifal

A

Richard Wagner, July 26th 1882

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62
Q

What battle did the Duke of Marborough win in 1704?

A

Blenheim

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63
Q

Author and Date: Spirit of the Laws

A

Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesqueiu, 1748

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64
Q

What wars were presided over by Franz-Josef?

A

Austria’s victory over Denmark in 1864 and their loss against Prussia in 1866

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65
Q

Maximilien Robespierre

A

(1758-1794): Radical French politician, leader of the Jacobins during the French Revolution, virtual ruler of France (1793-1794).

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66
Q

Ronald Reagan

A

(1911-2004): President of the United States (1981-1989). Reagan’s administration marked a turn toward conservative fiscal and social policy in the United States.

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67
Q

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A

(1807-1882): Italian nationalist patriot leader, his defeat of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and subsequent acknowledgement of Victor Emanuel II as king of Italy in 1861 led to the unification of Italy.

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68
Q

What happened to Matthias Corvinus’s Hungarian kingdom after his death?

A

Collapsed back into Feudalism

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69
Q

Author and date: Ecce Homo

A

Friedrich Nietzche, 1908.

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70
Q

Richard Nixon

A

(1913-1994): President of the United States (1969-1974)

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71
Q

Author and date: Confessions (not Augustine’s)

A

Rousseau, 1782-1789.

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72
Q

Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam and Viscount St. Albans

A

(1561-1626): English government official and philosopher.

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73
Q

When was Picasso’s “blue period”?

A

1901-1904

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74
Q

Edmund Burke

A

(1729-1797): Irish statesman.

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75
Q

Charles VII

A

(1403-1461): King of France (1422-1461) who restored the authority of the French monarchy following the Hundred Years’ War.

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76
Q

Author and date: Das Kapital

A

Marx, 1883.

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77
Q

Pablo Picasso

A

(1881-1973): Spanish painter, famed for his evolution through a variety of experimental styles.

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78
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

(1856-1939): Physician, psychiatrist, father of psychotherapy, originator of the concept of the unconscious mind.

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79
Q

Nicholas Copernicus

A

(1473-1544): Polish astronomer who wrote “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies” (1543), which posited a Sun-centered system.

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80
Q

When did Louis XVI call the Estates General, thus setting in motion the French Revolution?

A

1689

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81
Q

Maria Theresa

A

(1717-1780): Archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, (1740-1780).

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82
Q

Author and Date: The Brothers Karamazov

A

Fyodor Dostoevsky, 1879-1880

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83
Q

What was the Edict of Nantes?

A

Edict of toleration of Huguenots issued by Henry IV in 1598.

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84
Q

When did Peter the Great suppress the rebellion of the Streltsy guard?

A

1698

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85
Q

Niccolo Machiavelli

A

(1469-1527): Italian writer on politics, author of “The Prince” (1532).

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86
Q

Joseph II

A

(1741-1790): Holy Roman Emperor (1765-1790), regent of Austria (1765-1780), and emperor of Austria (1780-1790).

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87
Q

Sir Robert Walpole

A

(1676-1745): British statesman, prime minister (1720-1742). He maintained his power by pursuing peace abroad, keeping taxes low at home, and running a political spoils system in which members of Parliament were rewarded for loyalty with titles, government jobs, pensions and so on.

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88
Q

Who ruled France during Louis XIV’s minority? When did he assume power?

A

Cardinal Mazarin. Louis ruled in his own right from 1661.

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89
Q

Author and date: Hamlet

A

Shakespeare, 1601.

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90
Q

What was the nature of Richelieu’s rule?

A

Laid the foundations for absolutism. Encouraged trade, industry, overseas expansion. Aggressive Foreign policy including French involvement in the 30 years war.

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91
Q

Lord Horatio Nelson

A

(1758-1805): British admiral, victor at the Battles of the Nile (1798), Coppenhagen (1801), and Trafalgar (1805).

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92
Q

Dwight David Eisenhower

A

(1890-1969): Soldier, statesman, and president of the United States (1953-1961). Supreme Allied Commander in Europe (1943-1945); successfully coordinated Allied cooperation in the defeat of Germany. As president, he led the United States and the free world in a crucial period of the Cold War.

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93
Q

Emile Zola

A

(1840-1902): Liberal French author who embraced Realism in Writing about peasant and working-class life.

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94
Q

Wilhelm I

A

(1797-1888): King of Prussia (1861-1871), Kaiser of Germany (1871-1888).

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95
Q

Author and date: The Condition of the Working Class in England

A

Friedrich Engels, 1845.

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96
Q

Where was Napoleon’s final exile?

A

St. Helena

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97
Q

Author and date: Discourses

A

Rousseau, 1750, 1755.

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98
Q

Peter the Great

A

(1672-1725): Czar of Russia (1682-1725); a great modernizer and reformer.

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99
Q

How did Charles V spend his reign?

A

Combating the Protestant reformation, the Turks, and fighting France for control of Italy

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100
Q

Giuseppe Verdi

A

(1813-1901): Italian opera composer.

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101
Q

How did Henry IV die?

A

He was assassinated in 1610.

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102
Q

Composer and premier date: Rigoletto

A

Verdi, 1851.

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103
Q

When did Hume write his 8-volume History of England?

A

1754-1762.

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104
Q

Philippe II, Duke of Orleans

A

(1674-1723). Regent to Louis XV from 1715 to 1723; introduced polysynody in a failed effort to return power to the nobles.

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105
Q

Robert Owen

A

(1771-1858): British Utopian socialist and reforming factgory owner.

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106
Q

What was Bismark’s main achievement?

A

German unification

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107
Q

When was Picasso’s period of Cubism?

A

1909-1925

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108
Q

Date and author: Hard Times

A

Charles Dickens, 1854.

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109
Q

When was the Russo-Japanese War?

A

1904-1905

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110
Q

John Maynard Keynes

A

(1883-1946): English economist, diplomat, and author, most notably, of “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money” (1933-1935).

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111
Q

Francisco Franco

A

(1892-1975): Soldier, Spanish fascist leader, and dictator (1939-1975).

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112
Q

Helmut Kohl

A

(b. 1930): German statesman, chancellor of West Germany (1982-1990) and Germany (1990-1998).

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113
Q

Jan Sobieski III

A

(1629-1696): Elective king of Poland (1674-1696) whose armies broke the Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1683 and whose reign marked a brief revival of Polish power.

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114
Q

Karl Marx

A

(1818-1883): German philosopher, architect of international communism.

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115
Q

William the Silent, of Orange

A

(1533-1584). Leader of the Netherlands’ revolt against Spain, first stadholder, and grandfather of King William III of England.

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116
Q

John Toland

A

(1670-1722): Catholic-born convert to Anglicanism whose “Christianity Not Mysterious” (1696) became a classic of Deism.

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117
Q

Why was Napoleon III deposed?

A

He bungled Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71.

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118
Q

Author and date: “Second Treatise on Government”

A

John Locke, 1690.

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119
Q

Charles Darwin

A

(1809-1882): British biologist and the author of “The Origin of Species” (1859) and “The Descent of Man” (1879).

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120
Q

Where was Napoloeon’s first exile?

A

Elba

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121
Q

Charles Albert

A

(1798-1849): King of Sardinia (1831-1849), whose resistance against the Austrians helped inspire the Italian movement for national independence.

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122
Q

Author and Date: The poem “Jerusalem”

A

William Blake, 1808.

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123
Q

When did Churchill win the Nobel Prize and for what?

A

Literature in 1953

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124
Q

Composer and premier : Tristan and Isolde

A

Richard Wagner, June 10th 1865

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125
Q

Author and date: On Liberty

A

John Stuart Mill, 1859.

126
Q

Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington

A

(1769-1852): British army commander in the Napoleonic wars who held on at Waterloo (1815) until Prussian reinforcements under Blucher joined Wellington’s troops to defeat Napoleon.

127
Q

Isabella I

A

(1451-1504): Queen of Castille (1474-1504) and Spain (jointly with Ferdinand, 1479-1504).

128
Q

Maximilien de Bethune, Duke of Sully

A

(1560-1641): Huguenot financial and political advisor to Henry of Bourbon before and throughout his reign as King Henry IV (1589-1610).

129
Q

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

A

(1870-1924): Premier of the Soviet Union (1917-1924).

130
Q

What was the response to the Earl of Oxford’s treaty of Utrecht? What did he do afterwords?

A

He was impeached then acquitted. Afterwords he amassed a great book and manuscript collection, the basis for the British Museum.

131
Q

Author and date: Civilization and Its Discontents

A

Sigmund Freud, 1930.

132
Q

Matthias Corvinus (“The Just”)

A

(1443-1490): Hungarian king who ruled strongly from 1458-1490, initially under the guidance of a regent from Italy.

133
Q

Louis XV

A

(1710-1774): King of France (1715-1774).

134
Q

Composer and premier date: Siegfried

A

Richard Wagner, August 16th, 1876

135
Q

Charles V

A

(1500-1558): Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556); as Charles I, King of Spain (1506-1556).

136
Q

Nikita Khruschev

A

(1894-1971): General secretary of the Communist Party (1953-1964) and premier of the Soviet Union (1958-1964).

137
Q

Author and Date: Crime and Punishment

A

Fyodor Dostoevsky, 1866

138
Q

When did Philip II launch the failed Spanish Armada?

A

1588

139
Q

Charles Dickens

A

(1812-1870): British novelist.

140
Q

George C. Marshall

A

(1880-1959): American soldier and statesman, U.S. Army chief of staff in World War II; he organized the massive American mobilization, then the relief plan implemented to restore the European economies that bears his name, beginning in 1947. Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.

141
Q

What Tsar was assassinated by anarchists and when?

A

Alexander II in 1881

142
Q

Leonid Brezhnev

A

(1906-1982): Premier of the Soviet Union (1965-1982)

143
Q

Which French king married, Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots?

A

Francis II in 1558. Dominated by her anti-Protestant advisors.

144
Q

Albert Einstein

A

(1879-1955): German physicist responsible for the special and general theories of relativity.

145
Q

Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu

A

(1585-1642): French clergyman and statesman, virtual ruler of France under Louis XIII (1610-1643).

146
Q

Anne

A

(1665-1714): Last Stuart queen of Great Britain (1702-1714).

147
Q

Nicholas I

A

(1796-1855): Czar of Russia (1825-1855).

148
Q

Henry IV (French)

A

(1553-1610): King of Navarre (1572-1589) and leader of the French Huguenots during the Wars of Religion, king of France (1589-1610).

149
Q

Michel de Montaigne

A

(1533-1592): Humanist author whose Essays advocated rational reforms.

150
Q

What progressive measures did Joseph II of Austria enact?

A

dissolved the monasteries, freed the serfs, made German the official language.

151
Q

What was Napoleon III’s reign like?

A

Initially liberal, even as president sought to enhance his authority. As emperor, combined enlightened social policies and public works with expansionism.

152
Q

Author and date: Social Contract

A

Rousseau, 1762.

153
Q

Eugene of Savoy

A

(1663-1736): Prince and allied general during the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714) and Marlborough’s partner in the victory at Blenheim; he subsequently drove the French out of Italy.

154
Q

James I

A

(1566-1625): King of Scotland (1567-1625), first Stuart king of England (1603-1625).

155
Q

Author and Date: A Doll’s House

A

Henrik Ibsen, 1879.

156
Q

James II

A

(1633-1701): King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1685-1688). He attempted to secure toleration for Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, which precipitated the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689.

157
Q

David Lloyd-George

A

(1863-1945): Prime minister of Great Britain (1916-1922) during and after World War I who privately agreed with Woodrow Wilson’s call for moderate treatment of defeated Germany but rejected moderation in the Treaty of Versailles.

158
Q

Sir Isaac Newton

A

(1642-1727): British scientist who posited the theory of gravity, three laws of motion, and in the “Principia Mathematica” (1687), a complete cosmological system.

159
Q

Composer and premier date: Die Walkure

A

Richard Wagner, June 26th 1870

160
Q

Josef Stalin

A

(1879-1953): Secretary general of the Communist Party (1922-1953) and virtual dictator of the Soviet Union (1924-1953).

161
Q

Alexander III

A

(1845-1894) Czar of Russia (1881-1894); cancelled his father’s plans for a more representative government, persecuted non-Orthodox minorities, and sought to impose Russian nationalism on non-Russians.

162
Q

Author and Date: Les Miserables

A

Victor Hugo, 1862

163
Q

Cardinal Andre-Hercule de Fleury

A

(1653-1743): Statesman, tutor to Louis XV, and eventual de facto prime minister of France (1726-1743), he pursued a policy of peace with Britain.

164
Q

What did Josip Tito do during WW2?

A

Organized partisan resistance against the Nazis

165
Q

Franz Ferdinand

A

(1863-1914): Statesman and heir to the Austrian throne, he was assassinated in Sarajevo.

166
Q

Author and date: Beyond Good and Evil

A

Friedrich Nietzche, 1886.

167
Q

John Locke

A

(1632-1704): British political philosopher.

168
Q

Boris Yeltsin

A

(1931-2007): Russian statesman, first president of the Russian Federation (1991-2000).

169
Q

John F. Kennedy

A

(1917-1963): Seaman, statesman, and President of the United States (1961-1963). Kennedy launched the space program, supported civil rights for American blacks, managed to avoid nuclear war in the Cuban Missile Crisis, and worked out the Test Ban Treaty with the Soviets. He was assassinated in 1963.

170
Q

Charles de Gaulle

A

(1890-1970): A soldier in World War I, leader of the Free French forces in World War II, and president of France 1958-1969. He famously maintained French independence from its British and American allies in the postwar period.

171
Q

Composer and date: The Rite of Spring

A

Igor Stravinsky, 1913

172
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A

(1815-1898): Chancellor of, first, Prussia (1862-1871), then Germany (1871-1890)

173
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

(1766-1834): British political economist, his “Essay on Population” (1798) argued that the world’s population was bound to outrun its food supply and that charity and medicine only exacerbated the problem.

174
Q

When did Peter the Great establish St. Petersburg?

A

1703.

175
Q

Author and date: Emile

A

Rousseau, 1762.

176
Q

Wilhelm II

A

(1859-1941): Kaiser of Germany (1888-1918), his diplomatic missteps and decision to build a navy alienated the Russians and the British and facilitated the outbreak of WW I. Abdicated in November 1918 as Germany lost the war.

177
Q

Author and date: Communist Manifesto

A

Marx and Engels, 1848

178
Q

Jules Cardinal Mazarin

A

(1602-1661): Chief minister to Louis XIV from 1643 to 1661.

179
Q

Composer and premier date: Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg

A

Richard Wagner, June 21st, 1868

180
Q

Composer and premier date: Lohengrin

A

Richard Wagner, August 8th, 1850

181
Q

When did Churchill serve as First Lord of the Admiralty?

A

1911-1915. Failure of Gallipoli campaign

182
Q

Author and date: Critique of Pure Reason

A

Immanuel Kant, 1781.

183
Q

What did Victor Imanuel III do in 1946?

A

He abdicated the in an effort to influence the 1946 plebiscite that abolished the Italien monarchy.

184
Q

Leo Tolstoy

A

(1828-1910): Russian novelist.

185
Q

Composer and date: Petrushka

A

Igor Stravinsky, 1910-1911

186
Q

Alexander I

A

(1777-1825), Czar of Russia (1801-1825) who led Russia during the Napoleonic Wars and originated the idea for the Holy Alliance (1819).

187
Q

Mikhail Gorbachev

A

(b. 1931): Statesman, secretary general of the Communist Party (1985-1991), and president of the Soviet Union (1988-1991).

188
Q

Who engineered the Grand alliance to beat Louis XIV in the Nine Years’ War?

A

William III, of Orange.

189
Q

Author and Date: The Iron Law of Wages

A

David Ricardo, 1817

190
Q

Author and date: A New View of Society

A

Robert Owen, 1813.

191
Q

Composer and date: The Marriage of Figaro

A

Mozart, 1785-1786

192
Q

Describe Nixon’s presidency

A

Maintained American involvement in Southeast Asia; pursued detente with Soveit union and China; continued liberal social programs; resigned over Watergate.

193
Q

Sir Winston Spence Churchill

A

(1874-1965): Journalist, soldier, statesman, and PM of Great Britain (1940-1945, 1951-1955).

194
Q

What was Maria Theresa’s reign like?

A

Reformed Austrian Finances, military and trade. Faced War of Austrian Succession upon her accession in 1740. Lost Silesia to Frederick the Great.

195
Q

John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough

A

(1650-1722): British soldier and statesman, captain-general of Queen Anne’s forces in the War of the Spanish Succession.

196
Q

Hermann Goering

A

(1893-1946): Aviator; a flying ace in World War I, Goering organized the Gestapo and then the Luftwaffe for Hitler.

197
Q

Charles X

A

(1757-1836): King of France (1824-1830); attempted to restore elements of the ancient regime and was forced to abdicate by the July Revolution of 1830.

198
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

(1748-1832): Utilitarian philosopher.

199
Q

Robert Harley, First Earl of Oxford

A

(1661-1724): English statesman, architect of the treaty of Utrecht.

200
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

(1564-1642): Scholar, scientist, and professor at the University of Pauda, he was one of the first to turn a telescope to the heavens.

201
Q

What was Brezhnev’s rule like?

A

He presided over a period of internal stagnation but made some accommodation with the West in the Cold War

202
Q

Composer and premier date: Gotterdammerung

A

Richard Wagner, August 17th, 1876

203
Q

Author and date: Reflections on the Revolution in France

A

Edmund Burke, 1792.

204
Q

Author and date: Being and Nothingness

A

Jean-Paul Sartre, 1943

205
Q

Louis XI

A

(1423-1483): King of France (1461-1483). Louis XI enhanced his power by reducing that of his nobles, especially the dukes of Burgundy.

206
Q

Nicholas II

A

(1868-1918): Czar of Russia (1894-1917); he continued the repressive measures of Alexander III.

207
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

(1571-1630): German astronomer who perfected the Copernican system by arguing that the planets revolved around the Sun elliptically.

208
Q

How did Watt perfect Newcomen’s Steam engine?

A

By adding a condenser and a flywheel.

209
Q

Raoul Wallenberg

A

(1912-c.1947): Swedish diplomat who saved 95,000 Jews by providing them with Swedish passports.

210
Q

Adam Smith

A

(1723-1790): British political economist, author of “The Wealth of Nations” (1776), which argued against government interferences in natural economic processes.

211
Q

Author and date: “Essay Concerning Human Understanding”

A

John Locke, 1690.

212
Q

William Blake

A

(1757-1827): Visionary Romantic poet, critiqued industrial life.

213
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

(1822-1895): French bacteriologist and professor of chemistry who first posited the idea of bacteria, microorganisms that grow in organic compounds and can

214
Q

Author and date: The Advancement of Learning

A

Francis Bacon, 1605

215
Q

Author and date: Metaphysics of Ethics.

A

Immanuel Kant, 1797.

216
Q

Louis XVI

A

(1754-1793): King of France (1774-1793); he inherited massive debts and military defeat from Louis XV, to which his ministers responded with reform.

217
Q

Franz-Josef

A

(1830-1916): Austrian emperor (1848-1916) and king of Hungary (1867-1916).

218
Q

Composer and date: Magic Flute

A

Mozart, 1790-1791.

219
Q

Composer and date: The Firebird

A

Igor Stravinsky, 1909-1910

220
Q

Composer and Premier date: Otello

A

Verdi, 1887.

221
Q

Elizabeth I

A

(1533-1603): Queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603); she ruled successfully during a period of religious and political strife, establishing a compromise settlement for the Church of England.

222
Q

Francis I

A

(1494-1547): King of France (1515-1547), he pursued a series of wars against England and the Holy Roman Empire. A great patron of the arts and letters who encouraged the Renaissance in France.

223
Q

Author and date: Leviathan

A

Thomas Hobbes, 1651.

224
Q

Author and date: On Representative Government

A

John Stuart Mill, 1861.

225
Q

Josip Tito

A

(1892-1980): Yugoslavian soldier and statesman, president of Yugoslavia (1953-1980).

226
Q

When did Jean-Paul Sartre refuse the Nobel Prize in Literature?

A

1964

227
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A

(1769-1821): French general, consul of France (1799-1804), emperor (1804-1815).

228
Q

Robert Koch

A

(1843-1910): German physician and bacteriologist, he was the first to isolate the bacilli for anthrax, tuberculosis, and Asiatic cholera; awarded the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine in 1905.

229
Q

When was Lenin’s economically and socially disastrous “war communism”?

A

1917-1921

230
Q

James Watt

A

(1736-1819): Scottish engineer and inventor; he perfected the Newcomen steam engine.

231
Q

Adolf Hitler

A

(1889-1945): Soldier, leader of the Nazi Party, German dictator (1933-1945), instigator of the Holocaust and World War II in Europe.

232
Q

What was the relationship between Tito’s regime and Moscow?

A

Tito’s regime was independent of Moscow

233
Q

Ignatius of Loyola

A

(1491-1556): Soldier, Roman Catholic clergyman, and saint.

234
Q

Author and date: The Philosophical Inquiry into Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful

A

Edmund Burke, 1756

235
Q

Johannes Gutenberg

A

(?1400-1468): Generally acknowledged as the inventor of the printing press, his production of the first printed Bible is a landmark in the history of communications.

236
Q

Author and date: On the Subjection of Women

A

John Stuart Mill, 1869.

237
Q

David Hume

A

(1711-1776): A leading exponent of the Scottish Enlightnement.

238
Q

Victor Emanuel II

A

(1820-1878): King of Piedmont-Sardinia (1849-1861), king of Italy (1861-1878).

239
Q

Carlos II

A

(1661-1700): Last Habsburg king of Spain (1665-1700), he suffered from numerous physical infirmities.

240
Q

What Tsar freed the serfs and when?

A

Alexander II in 1861

241
Q

Author and date: War and Peace

A

Leo Tolstoy, 1865-1869.

242
Q

Composer and premier date: Das Rheingold

A

Richard Wagner, September 22nd 1869

243
Q

Woodrow Wilson

A

(1856-1924): President of the United States (1913-1921).

244
Q

Emmeline Pankhurst

A

(1858-1928):British feminist. She advocated militancy, even violence, to achieve votes for women and was jailed repeatedly.

245
Q

Author and date: Richard III

A

Shakespeare, 1593.

246
Q

What was the main point of Montesqueiu’s Spirit of the Laws?

A

The most effective forms of govenment divide power so that each branch balances the others.

247
Q

Leopold II

A

(1835-1909): King of Belgium (1865-1909)

248
Q

What group did Peter the Great suppress in 1698?

A

The Streltsy guard

249
Q

Louis XIV

A

(1638-1715): King of France (1643-1715), known as the “Sun King.”

250
Q

Henry “the Navigator”

A

(1394-1460): Prince of Portugal who established a naval academy at Sagres that trained European explorers of Africa.

251
Q

Author and date: Women’s Paradise

A

Emile Zola, 1883

252
Q

John Stuart Mill

A

(1806-1873): British philosopher and member of Parliament.

253
Q

Describe Lenin’s “New Economic Policy.”

A

1921-1924, slowed collectivization and restrained international communism.

254
Q

Author and date: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

A

David Hume, 1748

255
Q

Thomas Stearns Eliot

A

(1888-1965): American-born, British-naturalized poet.

256
Q

Composer and premier date: The Flying Dutchman

A

Richard Wagner, January 2nd, 1843

257
Q

Martin Luther

A

(1483-1546): Augustinian priest and religious reformer; Luther was a professor at the University of Wittenberg when he wrote his 95 Theses against the sale of indulgences.

258
Q

Phillip II

A

(1527-1598): King of Naples and Sicily (1554-1598) and Spain (1556-1598).

259
Q

Benito Mussolini

A

(1883-1945): Italian fascist leader and dictator of Italy (1922-1943), one of Hitler’s principle allies in WW II.

260
Q

Author and date: both parts of Faust.

A

Johan Wolfgang von Goethe, 1808 and 1832.

261
Q

Composer and date: Don Giovanni

A

Mozart, 1787

262
Q

Author and date: Perpetual Peace.

A

Immanuel Kant, 1795.

263
Q

When was Luther excommunicated?

A

1520

264
Q

Author and date: Critique of Practical Reason

A

Immanuel Kant, 1788.

265
Q

William Wordsworth

A

(1770-1850): British Romantic Poet, coauthor of the “Lyrical Ballads” (1798).

266
Q

Henrik Ibsen

A

(1828-1906): Norwegian playwright, his works explore the psychological tensions and tragedies of everyday life.

267
Q

Charles Montagu, later Earl and Marquis of Halifax

A

(1661-1715): Whig politician, chancellor of the exchequer under William III, and architect of the financial revolution, by which Britain creatively funded its national debt; he raised vast sums of money that paid for the Nine Years’ War and the War of the Spanish Succession.

268
Q

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

A

(1756-1791): Austrian composer of the high classical period.

269
Q

Charles VI

A

(1685-1740): Holy Roman Emperor (1711-1740) who in the War of the Spanish Succession sought to become king of Spain and thereby recreate the empire of Charles V.

270
Q

Where and when was Ignatius Loyola wounded as young man?

A

The siege of Pamplona in 1521

271
Q

When did Philip II try to impose the inquisition on the Netherlands, leading to the Dutch revolt?

A

1567

272
Q

Author and date: Germinal

A

Emile Zola, 1885

273
Q

Author and date: Nana

A

Emile Zola, 1880

274
Q

William Pitt the Elder

A

(1708-1778): British statesman, prime minister (1756-1761, 1766-1768); effective war minister during the Seven Years’ War; opponent of the attempt to tax the American colonies. From 1766 the Earl of Chatham.

275
Q

Composer and premier date: La Traviata

A

Verdi, 1853.

276
Q

Catherine the Great

A

(1729-1796): Czar of Russia from 1762-1796, she embraced reform early in her reign, but following Pugachev’s Rebellion (1773-1774), she strengthened the power of landowners over their serfs.

277
Q

William Shakespeare

A

(1564-1616): English playwright, author of, among many great works.

278
Q

When did Philip II support the Catholic League against Henry IV of France?

A

1580

279
Q

Friedrich Nietzsche

A

(1844-1900): German philosopher; posited the notion that God is dead as a meaningful philosophical concept and that true action is only possible by a Superman above traditional moral laws.

280
Q

What two organizationd did Emmeline Pankhurst help found?

A

Women’s Franchise League (1889) and Women’s Social and Political Union (1903).

281
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

(1451-1506): Italian explorer in the service of Spain who made the European discovery of the New World in October 1492. Made three subsequent voyages to the Americas.

282
Q

David Ricardo

A

(1772-1823): British political economist, formulator of the “Iron Law of Wages.”

283
Q

What was the Fronde?

A

The last major revolt against Frnech absolutism before the Revolution. 1649-1652.

284
Q

Count Camillo di Cavour

A

(1810-1861): Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia and architect of its modernization and, therefore, of the unification of Italy

285
Q

Author and date: Thus Spake Zarathustra

A

Friedrich Nietzche, 1883-1885.

286
Q

In what work did David Ricardo formulate his Iron Law of Wages?

A

Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817.

287
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

(1743-1826): Landowner, statesman, president of the United States (1801-1809).

288
Q

Josef Goebbels

A

(1897-1945): Nazi propaganda minister.

289
Q

How did Csar Nicholas I respond the Decembrist uprising of 1825?

A

Formed the Third Section within the imperial chancery which functioned as a secret police.

290
Q

Author and Date: Christianity Not Mysterious

A

John Toland, 1696

291
Q

Author and date: The Death of Ivan Ilyich.

A

Leo Tolstoy, 1888.

292
Q

Author and date: Anna Karenina

A

Leo Tolstoy, 1875-1877.

293
Q

Which Austrian emperor put down the Revolution of 1848 and supressed an Italian nationalist movement in 1849?

A

Franz-Josef

294
Q

How did Carlos II help cause the War of the Spanish Succession?

A

By offering the entire Spanish Empire to Louis Phillipe, Duke of Anjou

295
Q

Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon Bonaparte)’s dates

A

(1808-1873): President of France (1848-1852), emperor of France (1852-1870).

296
Q

What was the Diet of Worms?

A

Imperial Diet of 1521 in which Luther refused to recant

297
Q

Georges Clemenceau

A

(1841-1929): Prime minister of France (1917-1920) who pressed tirelessly for victory over Germany in WW I and rejected moderate treatment of Germany after the war ended.

298
Q

Johan Wolfgang von Goethe

A

(1749-1832): Author, one of the seminal figures in the birth of German Romanticism.

299
Q

Author and date: On the Geneaology of Morals

A

Friedrich Nietzche, 1887.

300
Q

Composer and premier date: Tanhauser

A

Richard Wagner, October 19th, 1845

301
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

(1588-1679): English philosopher.

302
Q

Richard Wagner

A

(1813-1883): German composer of vast, psychologically complex operas.

303
Q

William III, of Orange

A

(1650-1702): Stadholder of the Netherlands (1672-1702), king of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-1702; in co-rule with Mary II during 1689-1694).

304
Q

Denis Diderot

A

(1713-1784): French philosophe, compiler of the Encyclopedia (1751-1766).

305
Q

Author and date: King Lear

A

1606.

306
Q

Author and date: Finnegan’s Wake

A

James Joyce, 1928-1937.

307
Q

Igor Stravinsky

A

(1882-1970): Russian composer.

308
Q

Vincent Van Gogh

A

(1853-1890): Dutch painter whose innovative work reveals deep personal psychological struggle, even in torment.

309
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

(1599-1658): Puritan gentleman who became the most successful general of the British Civil Wars, then Lord Protector of England (1653-1658).

310
Q

Charles II

A

(1630-1685): King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685); he pursued some elements of absolutism but never single mindedly.

Western Civ II (3 decks)

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