BIOETHICS and RESEARCH Flashcards
Study of the ethical, social, and legal issues that arise from biomedicine and biomedical research.
BIOETHICS
Issues in healthcare
Medical Ethics
Issues “at the bedside” when caring for the patient
Clinical Ethics
Issues in daily nursing practice and ethical judgments
Nursing Ethics
Issues when conducting research
Research Ethics
Issues in environment and human activities
Public Health Ethics
The modern code of ethics after the end of World War II in order to deal with war crimes trials in Nuremberg
THE NUREMBERG CODE
Of the human subject is absolutely essential
VOLUNTARY CONSENT
This should be the purpose of an experiment—to yield fruitful results to advance medicine and not for selfinterest
RESULTS FOR
SOCIETY’S GOOD
History of problem under study to
justify performance of experiment
PRIOR ANIMAL
EXPERIMENTATION
Conduct experiment by all means avoiding unnecessary physical and mental suffering or injury
AVOID UNNECESSARY
PAIN
No experiment should be conducted where there is a prior reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects
NOT WHEN DEATH
MAY OCCUR
Should not exceed that which is determined by the humanitarian
importance of the problem to be
solved by the experiment.
DEGREE OF RISK
Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities be provided to protect the experimental subject against even the remote possibilities of injury, disability, or death
PREPARATIONS
The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment
QUALIFIED
During the experiment, the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he/she has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the
experiment seems to him/her to be impossible
LIBERTY
During the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he/she has probable cause to believe, that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject.
TERMINATION
Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects
THE DECLARATION OF HELSINKI
Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research
The Belmont
Report
Evidence-based practice is a conscientious, problem-solving
approach to clinical practice that incorporates the best evidence
from well-designed studies, patient values and preferences, and a
clinician’s expertise in making decisions about a patient’s care
ETHICAL ISSUES IN EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
When a decision creates conflict with society’s moral principles
ETHICAL ISSUES
something legally submitted to ascertain in the truth of matter
EVIDENCE
use of the current best evidence in making decisions about the patients
PRACTICE
Some types of knowledge are not
included in the evidence-based practice
Missed knowledge
Evidence-based practice runs counter to patient-centered care
Counter-care
Testable by Randomized Controlled Trials is not the same as “most effective”.
Most effective
Decisions based on Evidencebased practice can be unjust.
Unjust
Two or more clear principles apply but they support inconsistent courses of action
DILEMMA
When the nurse is unsure which moral principle to apply, or even what the problem is. Common with new nurses
MORAL UNCERTAINTY
+ CONFLICT
When the nurse knows the right thing to do but organizational constraints keep them from doing it
MORAL DISTRESS
An individual witnesses an immoral
act by another but feels powerless to stop it.
MORAL OUTRAGE
Branch of ethics provides guidelines in conducting research ethics
research ethics
Establish in 1947 carried world war II, horrific unethical experiment by german physician
nuremberg code
Report entitled “ ethical and principle and guidelines of protection of human report”
the belmont report
