BioEnergetics / Metabolism / Fat Cells / Heart Lungs / Cardiopulmonary

Question 1

Phoshagenic Metabolism

Answer 1

Energy from ADP, ATP, Creatine Phosphate, and no oxygen required.

Question 2

Anaerobic Metabolism

Answer 2

Providing energy by producing ATP from breakdown of Carbs, no oxygen req’d

Question 3

Aerobic metabolism

Answer 3

Energy via ATP from breakdown of carbs, lipids, and protein; OXYGEN req’d.

Question 4

ATP makeup

Answer 4

H= HydrogenN= NitrogenO= OxygenP= Phosphate

Question 5

ATP exploitation

Answer 5

Phosphagen system utilizes ATP readily available while Anaerobic and aerobic go through a metabolic process to extract. When muscle contracts, Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) breaks down to Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and the 2nd/3rd Phosphate molecule release energy. This reactions is called HYDROLYSIS. ATPases is a chemical present inside cell that make it possible to cleave ATP = ADP, but in case of MYOSIN contraction, the cells themselves have Myosin within them = no external chemical needed to release energy.

Question 6

ATP usage dependencies

Answer 6

INTENSITY is what determines metabolic pathwayLOW intensity = ATP from Cardiopulmonary systems from oxygen delivery. Low rate of ATP consumption needs to be met by the muscle’s ability to extract O2, and heart/lungs ability to deliver. Because of low rate , fat/carb breakdown can happen completely=sustained energy for long time. More fat than carbs. Medium Intensity= Intense enough to fail the talk test. Heart and lungs still do most the work but rely on carbs more than fat for ATP production. Higher Intensity = Carbs can’t be completely / muscles don’t receive enough O2. Fatigue happens in 2-3min.HIGHEST intensity= none metabolic pathways can be used, relied 100% on stored ATP/ADP and fatigue is seconds.

Question 7

3 basic metabolic means to power contraction via ATP

Answer 7

1- creatine phosphate/ADP2- Anaerobic Glycolysis3- Aerobic Glycolysis / Beta Oxidation Creatine phosphate/ADP = consumption of ATP through stores IN muscle throughAnaerobic Glycolysis = Deriving ATP through non-oxygen carb metabolismAerobic Glycolysis / Kreb Cycle / Electron transport system - O2 dependent breakdown of carbs, Beta-Oxidation = O2 dependent breakdown of fatty acids.

Question 8

Phosphagenic Metabolism(ATP recycled, not created)

Answer 8

0-few seconds = stored ATP usage based on cross-bridge cycling of actin/myosin. Then bleeds into 2 other anaerobic pathways;Creatine Kinase = ATP recycling through Creatine Phosphate, taking phosphate from CP, and binding to ADP, to make ATPMyokinase= ATP recycling through taking two ADPs = creating AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and recreating ATP.

Question 9

Anaerobic Carbohydrate breakdown(2 ATP created)

Answer 9

-10s to 90s of help- Sugar / Glycogen are INSIDE muscleGLYCOLYSIS: breakdown stored carbs in muscle to produce ATP- 6 carbon turns to 3 called lactic acid, which then binds to a proton to create ATP. Lack/lactic acid = fatigueGLYCOGENOLYSIS: breakdown muscle glycogen. Enzyme glycogen phosphorlyase detaches glucose from glycogen and carb polymer into glucose with phosphate already attached= about same rate as glycolysis.

Question 10

Aerobic Metabolism (4m-hours = 36 ATP created)

Answer 10

-Aerobic glycolysis-Krebs’ Cycle-Electron transport system-Beta OxidationAerobic glycolysis; creates Pyruvic Acid.Krebs’ Cycle: Pyruvic Acid enters mitochondria Electron Transport System: Creates 34 ATPs.

Question 11

Beta-Oxidation(Breakdown of fatty acids)

Answer 11

110 ATP produced (costs 2 ATP to produce that)Goes through 8 cycles of beta oxidationSarcoplasm > 3 free triglycerides break down > 2 bind to carnitine, and transport to mitochondria> Stearic Acid > Palmitic Acid > Myristic Acid

Question 12

Efficiency Comparison between energy pathways

Answer 12

Phosphagenic metabolism = instant, but not efficient. Uses ADP and ATP.60-80% of daily energy is from beta-oxidation

Question 13

3 things all diets do

Answer 13

1- modify the composition of your diet / limit food selection2- Directly or indirectly limit calorie intake3- Expect you to exercise as part of your dietq

Question 14

Stratification of survivability

Answer 14

Low-moderate BF + Strength + Endurance = Best / LongevityLow-Mod BF + Strength = Next bestLow-Mod BF + Endurance = NextLow-Mod BF + Sedentary = unacceptable** Next Stratification = Hi BF + everything above = same

Question 15

Fat Rolesmade of: adipocytes (mainly), fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells.

Answer 15

-energy storage medium-component of cell structure- important chemical structure (testosterone / estrogen)- myelinated neuronal axons - padding/shock absorption- subcutaneously = insulation

Question 16

Energy in fat deposits(Compared to carbs)

Answer 16

100kg person (220lbs) w/ 25% BF = 25kg/bf (55lbs) = 1,000g=KG= (25,000 x 9cal) = 225,000 stored calories.(Carbs= ~600g in the body = 2400cal of available carbs

Question 17

White fat cells = monovacuolar cells (large lipid droplet surrounded by thin layer of cytoplasm. Inside the cell are mainly triglycerides.Brown Fat Cells = made of a subtype of adipocyte that is more metabolically active. Keeps infants warm. Non-existent in adults except in shoulders/neck sometimes.

Answer 17

Average size = .1mm.About 4x adaptive sizing before mitotically dividing. Only in extreme obesity. Brown Fat cells= multinucleate, more cytoplasm, more bioenergetic organelles and less fat than WHITE fat cells.

Question 18

Fat Locations:
1- Subcutaneous
2-viscerally
3- in bone marrow
4- breast tissue

Answer 18

Females - more subcutaneous lower body fat (30% or less = acceptable, above 12%) Males = more visceral abdominal fat. (25% or less = acceptable, above 5% )

Question 19

The Heart (Weighs about 1/2 - 3/4 of a pound): bout the size of your fistComprised of muscle

Answer 19

Positioned 20 degrees lower and left of sternum / rib cage lowest part just ABOVE xyphoid process.

Question 20

OUTER Pericardium: double walled fibrous sac-structure, encloses and protects the heart. 1- Protects the heart from abrasion, puncture, infection 2- Serves as anatomical structure attachment point 3- It’s limited in extensibility, so it limits heart expansion to fill w/ blood

Answer 20

INNER Pericardium:exudes pericardial fluid to lubricate between inside and outside to help contractile activity

Question 21

ATRIA: Upper segment contains 2 chambers that take blood FROM periphery and force into lower chambers.VENTRICLES: lower segment, much larger chambers force blood TO rest of body. **Atria contracts first, then ventricles

Answer 21

PULMONARY = RIGHT side: ventricle and Atria receives oxygen depleted blood and routes to Lungs for O2. SYSTEMIC = LEFT side, get oxygenated blood and deliver to body (all systems)

Question 22

Ventricular septum: separates LEFT / RIGHT ventricles*the rest of the walls = ‘ventricular free’ walls,**LEFT side ventricular wall are stronger than left.

Answer 22

PRESSURE: *100mmHg systemic needed to pump throughout the body. * 25mmHg pulmonary pressure.

Question 23

3 LAYERS of heart: - Epicardium (outside layer)- Myocardium (contains most the muscle)- Endocardium (contains Endothelium which is a bioactive chemical)

Answer 23

Cardiac Myocytes: (cardiomyocytes) MORPHOLOGY - more jigsaw puzzle looking, not fusiformINTRACELLULAR COMMUNICATION- many intercalated discs present. *NUCLEATION - mononucleated rather than multi-nucleated;

Question 24

CONDUCTIVE PATHWAYECG = ElectroCardioGrams, electrical activity that signals blood flow though the heart. All cardiac muscle is autorhythmic (generates its own electrical stimulus to drive contraction)Cardiomyocytes can take over if normal electro-conductive pathways fail.

*Intercalated Discs

Answer 24

7 EKG pathways;1- Sinoatrial node (stimulates both atria, located in R atrium)2- internodal tract (conducts impulse to #4)3- bachmann’s bundle4- atrioventricular node (has a fibrous sheath covering surface)5- Bundle of His 6- Right & Left bundle branches7- Purkinje fibers (offshoot branches that divides down)

Question 25

BLOOD FLOW PATHWAY-
Right atrium > triscupid valve > Right Ventricle > Pulmonary Valve> Left Atrium > Biscupid valve > Left Ventricle > aortic valve

Answer 25

(pulmonary artery & vein are exceptions to to rule that arteries carry O2 blood FROM the heart, and veins carry de-O2 blood TO the heart)

Question 26

Coronary arteries

Answer 26

The divergence of arteries coming from aorta covering the rest of the heart.

Question 27

Liquid Portion of Blood = Water w/ bioactive molecules, and mineral ions in it called “PLASMA”.

Answer 27

Solid portion of blood = cells, platelets, cell fragments, and large molecules.

Question 28

HEMATOCRIT = ratio of blood of solid/liquid.

Answer 28

45%-ish is normal for men
35%-ish is normal for woman

Lower = Anemia, Higher= Hyperemia
above 50% = blood doping (using hormone Erythropoietin))

Question 29

Red blood cells = Erythrocytes

*carry O2 to tissues that need them, and carry CO2 to lungs for removal.
higher erythrocyte count (higher hematocrit) = better endurance

Answer 29

White blood cells = Leukocytes

*Carry antibodies and destroy foreign matter, no performance benefit.

Question 30

HYPERTROPHY of the heart

• pathological hypertrophy
• eccentric hypertrophy
• concentric hypertrophy

Answer 30

PATHOLOGICAL = results from disease processes like hypertension, heart attack (myocardial infarction) heart valve disease. scar tissue and thinner ventricular wall lining.

ECCENTRIC hypertrophy= “athletes heart”, healthy heart where ventricular walls minimally increase while chambers increase. (adapted for aerobic exercise). **sometimes overtraining here, the heart can become scarred, or show calcification of valvular leaflets.

CONCENTRIC hypertrophy= adaptation to anaerobic exercise, ventricular wall thickens, with little to no change in chamber size = better ability to produce more force and maintain blood flow.

Question 31

VASCULARITY

• Arteries= carry blood from heart.
  
  • smaller than 100mm = arterioles
  • capillaries = passageways for ONE erythrocyte
  • stratified with smooth muscle
• Veins = carry de-O2 blood TO heart
  
  • occur in pairs with arteries
  • resemble simple tubes

Answer 31

ANGIOGENESIS -
*results from hypoxic stress (low O2 content) on tissue (hypoxemia) = cascade of anabolic adaptations leading to new capillaries and new arterioles.

*new expanse of vessels that help transport blood to heart in case of blockage.

Question 32

PULMONARY INTEGRATION

* 2 lobes in the left lung

Answer 32

• supply=demand for lung and O2 exchange

* exercise = 3-400% increase, and sprinting = %500 increase.

Question 33

Lungs made of ALVEOLI

 - about 300m in a lung
 - pulmonary capillaries cover entire surface
 - "MEDIASTINUM" = space between lungs that contain heart, thymus, lymph node, esophagus, and trachea

Answer 33

PATHWAY

Mouth/nasal > Larynx > trachea > divides L and R primary Brochi > lungs about 1/3 way down > roughly mid sternum.

Question 34

fish = 2 chambers
reptiles = 3 chambers
mammals = 4 chambers

Answer 34

ARTERIES = move blood away from heart.

Aorta > arteries > arterioles > capillaries

Question 35

AT REST = circulation takes 1 min

AT EXERCISE = circulation 20 seconds

Answer 35

9. 1 = HEART & Circulatory process
10. 2 = Cardiovascular endurance
11. 3= Cardiovascular system and Endurance exercise
12. 4= Cardiovascular system and strength
13. 5= requirements for cardiorespiratory fitness