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Biochem II NYCC > Bioenergetics & ETC > Flashcards

Bioenergetics & ETC Flashcards

1
Q

What foods have 9 kcal per gram?

A

Fats

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2
Q

What foods have 7 kcal per gram?

A

Alcohol

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3
Q

What foods have 4 kcal per gram?

A

Proteins and carbohydrates

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4
Q

What biochemical pathway oxidizes fuels and reduces nucleotides?

A

Kreb’s cycle

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5
Q

Where is the Kreb’s cycle located?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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6
Q

Name the 6 high energy compounds

A
  1. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
  2. Phosphocreatine
  3. 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
  4. Pyrophosphate
  5. Acetyl CoA
  6. ATP (GTP, TTP, UTP)
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7
Q

What transports large proteins in and out of the matrix and where are they located?

A

TOMS: transporters of outer membrane
TIMS: transporters of inner mitochondrial membrane

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8
Q

Where are the components of oxidative phosphorylation located?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane (ETC)

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9
Q

What is the energy produced by electron transport used for?

A

To pump protons out into the inner mitochondrial space

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10
Q

What is another name for the electron transport chain?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

What enzyme discharges the proton gradient to produce ATP

A

ATP synthase/ complex V

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12
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport?

A

O2

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13
Q

What reduced nucleotide enters at complex I?

A

NADH

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14
Q

What enzyme is at complex I?

A

NADH-Q reductase

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15
Q

Where does complex I send electrons?

A

CoQ 10

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16
Q

What electron carriers are in complex I?

A

FMN, iron-sulfur box

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17
Q

What does NADH need in order to enter the mitochondria from the cytoplasm?

A

A shuttle

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18
Q

What shuttle does NADH use in skeletal muscle?

A

Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle

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19
Q

What is the letter for Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle?

A

G

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20
Q

What is NADH converted to by the G shuttle?

A

FADH2

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21
Q

What complex does the G shuttle act like?

A

Complex II

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22
Q

What electron carriers are in complex G?

A

Iron-sulfur box

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23
Q

What shuttle does NADH use in the heart and liver?

A

Malate-aspartate shuttle

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24
Q

What is the enzyme for the Malate-aspartate shuttle?

A

AST/SGOT

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25
Q

What reduced nucleotide enters in complex II?

A

FADH2

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26
Q

What enzyme is at complex II?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

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27
Q

What electron carriers are in complex II?

A

Iron-sulfur box

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28
Q

What reduced nucleotide does complex F produce?

A

FADH2

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29
Q

What electron carrier is found at complex F?

A

Iron-sulfur box

30
Q

Where does complex F transfer electrons?

A

CoQ 10

31
Q

What is the location of ubiquinone?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

32
Q

What is ubiquinone the start molecule for?

A

Common pathway

33
Q

Which complexes does ubiquinone accept electrons from?

A

Complex I, II, G, F, malate aspartate

34
Q

What is another name for ubiquinone?

A

CoQ 10

35
Q

What enzyme is at complex III?

A

Ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase

36
Q

What electron carriers are in complex III

A

Iron-sulfur box, cytochromes b and C1

37
Q

Where does complex III send electrons?

A

Cytochrome c

38
Q

Where is cytochrome c?

A

Outer surface of inner mitochondrial membrane

39
Q

What happens to cytochrome c at low membrane potentials?

A

Released from inner membrane into cytosol

40
Q

What is the consequence of cytochrome c being released from the inner membrane into the cytosol?

A

Induced apoptosis

41
Q

Where does cytochrome c send electrons?

A

Complex IV

42
Q

What enzyme is at complex IV?

A

Cytochrome c oxidase

43
Q

What mineral does cytochrome c oxidase require?

A

Copper

44
Q

What electron carriers are at complex IV?

A

Cytochrome a

45
Q

Where does complex IV send electrons?

A

To oxygen

46
Q

What do electrons sent to oxygen produce?

A

Water

47
Q

What is the allosteric enzyme of the ETC?

A

Cytochrome c oxidase

48
Q

Does the ETC make ATP?

A

No

49
Q

What complex contains the allosteric enzyme?

A

Complex IV

50
Q

Which complexes pump protons out of the matrix and into the intermembranous space?

A

I, III, IV

51
Q

What is another name for ATP synthase?

A

Complex V

52
Q

Which way does ATP synthase transport electrons?

A

Intermembranous space to the matrix

53
Q

What is another turn for ATP synthase transporting electrons from the intermembranous space to the matrix?

A

Discharging gradient

54
Q

What is the name of the method used by ATP synthase to make ATP?

A

Proton motive force

55
Q

How many ATPs are produced by NADH without heat?

A

3

56
Q

How many protons are produced by NADH with heat?

A

2.5

57
Q

At what complex does the ETC start for NADH producing ATP?

A

Complex I

58
Q

How many ATPs are produced by FADH2 without heat?

A

2

59
Q

How many ATPs are produced by FADH2 with heat?

A

1.5

60
Q

At what complex does the ETC start for FADH2 to produce ATP?

A

Complex II

61
Q

What is another name for UCP 1?

A

Thermogenin

62
Q

What is the function of UCP I?

A

Provide heat

63
Q

How many ATPs does UCP 1 require to provide heat?

A

0.5

64
Q

Which way does UCP 1 transport electrons?

A

Intermembranous space to the matrix

65
Q

What inhibits complex I?

A

Rotenone

66
Q

What inhibits complex III?

A

Antimycin A

67
Q

What inhibits complex IV?

A

CO and cyanide

68
Q

Which complex inhibitor is the most dangerous?

A

CO and cyanide

69
Q

What can inhibit the ADP-ATP translocase in the mitochondria?

A

Plant and mold toxins

70
Q

How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?

A

Maternally

Biochem II NYCC (8 decks)

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