Bioenergetics

Question 1

the study of energy relationships and energy transformations in living organisms.

Answer 1

Bioenergetics

Question 2

Transforms Chemical energy into useful energy (ATP)

Answer 2

Cellular Respiration

Question 3

Converts solar energy into chemical energy stores (occurs in plants, algae, certain protists)

Answer 3

Photosynthesis

Question 4

How cells obtain energy from food

Answer 4

STAGE 1: Breakdown to simple units
(Protein->Simple AAs; Carbs->Simple Sugars; Fat->Fatty Acids)

STAGE 2: Breakdown of simple units to acetyl CoA; Production of limited amounts of ATP and NADH

STAGE 3: Complete oxidation of acetyl CoA to H2O and CO2; Production of large amounts of ATP in mitochondrion

Question 5

What is the protein pathway in energy absorption?

Answer 5

Proteins -> Amino Acids -> Pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA, or directly into Citric Acid Cycle, NH3 is put as waste products ->Produces NADH and CO2

Question 6

What is the Sugar pathway in energy absorption?

Answer 6

Carbohydrates -> Sugars -> Glucose -> Glycolysis -> Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA -> Citric Acid Cycle -> Produces NADH and CO2

Question 7

What is the pathway of fats in energy absorption?

Answer 7

Fats -> Fatty Acids -> Beta oxidation -> Acetyl CoA -> Citric Acid Cycle -> Produces NADH and CO2

Question 8

Steps of ATP Production and products

Answer 8

1. Glycolysis: Glucose-> 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP & 2 NADH
2. Pyruvate: 2 Acetyl CoA & 2 NADH
3. Citric Acid Cycle -> 6 NADH, 2 FADH, & 2 ATP
4. Oxidative Phosphorylation: 26/28 ATP

Question 9

Antiporters that transports Malate and Glutamate from intermembrane space to matrix

Answer 9

Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

Malate-aKetoglutarate Antiporter and Glutamate-Aspartate Antiporter

Question 10

What is the significance of the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle?

Answer 10

Allows for recycling of NADH moving it from intermembrane to matrix indirectly.

Question 11

Mostly in muscle and brown adipose tissues (more rapid but inefficient). Allows for transport of electrons by converting FAD to FADH2 for use by the quinone system (Mitochondrial Complex II) that allows transfer in ETC. Usually faster in producing the necessary ATP.

Answer 11

Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle

Question 12

Generation of ATP by movement of hydrogen ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient

Answer 12

Chemiosmosis in photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Question 13

Mitochondrial electron transport chain generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since this leads to damage, how is ROS production limited?

Answer 13

Uncoupling Proteins (UCP) increases rate of ETC. (Proton leaks)

Question 14

What happens to ATP production in the presence of UTP

Answer 14

UCP decreases ATP production, acting like a shunt to help alleviate the H+ pressure

Question 15

UCP helps release the energy how?

Answer 15

Releases energy in the form of heat to release excess ATP

Question 16

Mitochondrial depolarization increases _________.

Answer 16

Mitochondrial calcium efflux

Question 17

Prolonged mitochondrial depolarization induces _________.

Answer 17

mitophagy or apoptosis

Question 18

Methods of mitigating mitochondrial damage

Answer 18

Biogenesis (synthesis of new), Fusion (recycling ok parts from diff mitochondria) and fission (maximizing efficiency of fused mitochondria by removing non functional units)

Question 19

Where do Lipophilic cations go when using TMRE/TMRM dyes? Why?

Answer 19

Mitochondria is even more negative than cell, this means lipophilic cation dyes will go into the mitochondria which will fluoresce. If the membrane is depolarized, it becomes more positive and thus the dye will disperse out of the mitochondria

Question 20

Major locations of photosynthesis

Answer 20

Mesophyll of leaves

Question 21

Green pigment with chloropplasts

Answer 21

Chlorophyll

Question 22

Microscopic pores in the leaf where CO2 enters and O2 exits

Answer 22

Stomata

Question 23

Conversion of 6 CO2, 12 H2O, and Light energy into glucose, 6 oxygen gas, and 6 water molecules

Answer 23

Photosynthesis

Question 24

Two Stages of Photosynthesis

Answer 24

Light Reaction and Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle)
Photo and Synthesis

Question 25

Occurs in photosystems of thylakoids (chlorophyll a and b).

Answer 25

Light Reactions

Question 26

This is where the Primary electron acceptor is found for plants.

Answer 26

In the photosystems.

Question 27

Absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll

Answer 27

Carotenoids (those not absorbed are either reflected or transmitted)

Question 28

Observed when electrons from Photosystem II is transfered to Photosystem I through an Electron Transport chain

Answer 28

Linear Electron Flow

Question 29

The first electron acceptor from PS II that varies from animals.

Answer 29

Plastoquinone (Pq)

Question 30

Occurs when NADPH is high so that only ATP is produced, recycling of electrons from ferredoxin.

Answer 30

Cyclic Electron Flow

Question 31

Path of Electron in Linear Flow

Answer 31

Photosystem II excites P680 -> Plastoquinone (Pq) -> Cytochrome Complex produces ATP -> Plastocyanin (Pc) -> Photosystem I exciting P700 -> Ferredoxin -> NADP+ Reductase -> NADPH -> ATP and NADPH go to Calvin Cycle

Question 32

Path of Electron in Cyclic Flow

Answer 32

Photosystem II excites P680 -> Plastoquinone (Pq) -> Cytochrome Complex produces ATP -> Plastocyanin (Pc) -> Photosystem I exciting P700 -> Ferredoxin -> Goes back to cytochrome complex producing ATP -> Pc -> repeat

Question 33

Transports protons into the thylakoid space creating the proton gradient

Answer 33

Plastoquinone

Question 34

Occurs in stroma of chloroplasts
* Uses ATP and NADPH from the thylakoids
* Converts CO2 to sugar [glyceraldehyde-3-phospate (G3P)]

Answer 34

Calvin Cycle

Question 35

Generalized steps in Calvin Cycle

Answer 35

1. Carbon Fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)