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Biology MDCAT > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

redox process in which CO2 is reduced to glucose by water which is oxidized to oxygen

an energy conversion process in which energy poor molecules such as CO2 and H2O are converted into energy rich moleucles such as glucose

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2
Q

what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 12H2O - C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

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3
Q

what is the wavelength of visible light is effective for photosynthesis

A

380- 750 nm

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4
Q

what are the factors that affect absorbtion of light for photosynthesis

A

wavelength of light

the photosynthetic pigment

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5
Q

what is action spectrum

A

graph of rate of phtosynthesis against different wavelengths

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6
Q

which wavelengths of light are most effective for the process of photosynthesis

A

blue 430nm - red 670 nm

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7
Q

what is a pigment

A

an substance that absorbs light energy

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8
Q

pigments that take part i photosynthesis are present in

A

thylakoid sheets

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9
Q

what are the two major group of pigments

A

chlorophyll and carotenoids

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10
Q

which wavelength of light is absorbed and reflected by chlorophyll

A

violet blue orange and red are mainly absorbed

green and yellow are least absorbed and reflected

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11
Q

two major groups of chlorophyll are

A

chlorophyll -a and chlorophyll- b

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12
Q

what is chlorophyll-a and where is it found

A

bluish green pigment found in all photosynthetic organisms except photosynthetic bacteria

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13
Q

what is chlorophyll-b and where is it found

A

it is a yellow green pigment found in all photosynthetic organisms except brown, red algae and photosynthetic bacteria

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14
Q

which chlorophyll pigments are present in algae

A

c d e

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15
Q

which chlorophyll pigments are in bacteria

A

becteriochlorophyll

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16
Q

what is the chemical formula of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll- b

A

C55 H72 O5 N4 Mg

C55 H70 O6 N4 Mg

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17
Q

describe the strucuture of chlorophyll

A

it has a head (hydrophilic) and a tail (hydrophobic)

head is the light absorbing part projected on the surface
head is composed of porphyrin ring with Mg in the center
porphyrin ring is composed of 4 pyrrole rings
pyrrole rings have 4 C and 1N
the pyrrole rings also contain different groups around them

two side chains (phytol and methyl ester) are embedded into the thylakoid membrane to anchor it

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18
Q

what is the different between chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b structurally

A

chlorophyll- a has a methyl group whereas chlorophyll-b has a aldehyde group

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19
Q

what are carotenoids

A

terpenoid lipids which are yellow, orange, red and brown pigments

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20
Q

which light do carotenoids absorb and where are they seen

A

blue - violet range of light

seen in leaves before they fall as well as in some flowers and fruits

21
Q

what is the function of carotenoids

A

act as accessory pigment along with chlorophyll-b and pass light energy to chlorophyll-a

protect chlorophyll-a from excess light

attract insects and birds for pollination and dispersal

22
Q

what are the two types of carotenoids

A

carotenes and xanthophylls

23
Q

what are carotenes and what is the most widespread carotene

A

orange -red pigments composed of isoprenoid units found in all photosynthetic eukaryotes

beta carotene

24
Q

what is xanthophyll and its most widely distributed type along with its function

A

yellow pigment composed of isoprenoid units

lutein which is responsible for yellow color of foliage in autumn

25
Q

what instrument is used to determine absorption of light

A

spectrophotometer

26
Q

what is absorbtion spectrum

A

graph which shows absorption of light by a particular pigment

27
Q

which wavelengths of light are absorbed by chlorophyll-a chlorophyll-b and carotenoids

A

violet-blue (400-470nm)
organe-red (630-660nm)
430-500nm

28
Q

describe the composition of photosystems

A

peripheral part is called antenna complex which consists of accessory pigment (chlorophyll b and carotenoids)

the central part is the reaction center which contains chlorophyll-a and associated pigments

29
Q

what is a photosystem

A

photosynthetic pigments arranged in clusters in thylakoid membrane

30
Q

why does chlorophyll-a have different absorption of light in different photosystems

A

due to the associated proteins which shift its optimal wavelength

31
Q

what is the absorption of chlorophyll-a in different photosystems

A

PS 1 is 700nm

Ps 2 IS 680NM

32
Q

what happens when chlorophyll-a absorbs light energy

A

it is oxidized and releases and electron

33
Q

what are autotrophs

A

organisms which use inorganic sources for the synthesis of organic compounds

34
Q

air contains how much CO2

A

0.03-0.04 %

35
Q

what is the role of CO 2 in photosynthesis

A

it is utilized for dark or light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

36
Q

aquatic photosynthetic organism use which carbon sources

A

dissolved CO2, bicarbonates and carbonates in water

37
Q

what is the role of water in photosynthesis

A

it acts as a hydrogen and electron donor in photosynthesis

it replaces the electron lost by PS2
2 hydrogen ions are taken up by NADP to form NADPH

38
Q

when was the role of water first reported in photosynthesis and by who

A

van niel in 1930

39
Q

oxygen from water is used to form what in photosynthesis

A

oxygen

40
Q

oxgen in CO2 is used to form what in photosynthesis

A

glucose and water

41
Q

what are the two phases of photosynthesis

A

light dependent and light independent

42
Q

where does light dependent phase occur

A

thylakoid membranes

43
Q

what is phosphorylation and chemiosis

A

the production of ATP during light dependent phase is phosphorylation and is process is called chemiosis

44
Q

describe non-cyclic phosphorylation

A

predominant pathway used by higher plants

both PS1 and PS2 are involved
two electron transport chains are involved

PS2 absorbs light, emits electron
electron flows in ETC to PS1/NADP

45
Q

describe absorption of light by PS2 and its exitation of electron

A

when two photons strike antenna complex of PS2
two electron become excited and begin to move to reaction center
and pass energy to two electrons which become excited
these electrons are captured by primary electron acceptor of PS2
chlorophyll becomes an oxidizing agent

46
Q

describe photolysis of water

A

when water reacts with oxidized state of chlorophyll in photosystem it break up into 2H and 2e and 1/2 O2
the electrons released are transferred to reaction center of PS2

47
Q

describe the process of chemiosis and movement of electron to PS1

A

excited electrons released from PS2 are captured by electron acceptor (plastoquinone) which they flow through cytochrome complex/electron carrier (Cyt-b6 and Cyt-f)

cytochrome complex is also a proton pump and energy of flowing electron is used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid lumen

the electrons after losing their energy move to plastocyanin and are then incorporated into PS1

the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid lumen created a proton gradient which activates ATP synthase producing an ATP molecule from a ADP and phosphate

48
Q

describe the absorption of light and its excitation by

A

Biology MDCAT (4 decks)

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