Biodiversty

Question 1

What is biodiversity?

Answer 1

• many different types of species. (ex. doesn’t matter how many blades of grass there is, matters that there is only grass)

Question 2

What influences biodiversity?

Answer 2

1. overharvesting
2. habbitat degredation or change
3. Habbitat loss
4. Climate change
5. Invasive species or genes
6. Pollution
7. Disease

Question 3

Why value biodiversity?

Answer 3

1. Utilitarian value:
   - very practical (we eat a diversty of things)
   - Pollinators
   - Oxygen
   - Medicine
2. Ecosystem services
   - Supports different systems (food, soil formation)
   - Provisioning (pollination, wood, fish)
   - Regulating (Flooding, cool temp., clean air)
   - Cultural (Education, Recreation, Aesthetic)
3. Biocentric vs. Ecocentric
   - difference exists in all elements of biodiversity
   - Raises the question, if the space doesn’t serve us should we bother preserving them?

Question 4

Implementing biodiversity?

Answer 4

1. Plant native species
2. having protected habitats
3. laws and regulations (ex. cant bring endangerd species into Canada)
4. International conservation
5. Education and awareness

Question 5

Pressures on marine ecosystems

Answer 5

1. Climate change and pollution
   - Hurricanes
   - Carbon capture
   - Plastic
   - Micro plastics
   - Pharmaceutical
2. Fishing
   - Human food source
   - Industrialization of the fishing industry
3. Habitat degradation
   - Bottom tralling
   - Pollution
   - Climate change effects
   - Bycatch
   - Introduced species (from across the world on boats

Question 6

Responses to overfishing

Answer 6

1. Aquaculture: growing species instead of catching them
2. Restrictions on fishing licences
3. Markets
4. Certification (ex. marine stewardship council)
5. Marine protected areas

Question 7

What is the ITQ

Answer 7

ITQ= Individual Transferable quota
- Individual quota allocated to a boat or licence holder that can be sold, leased or traded

Question 8

Marine protected Area (MPA)

Answer 8

= best way to protect resident species,, scientifically proven, conserve biodiversity

Question 8

What are third party certifications?

Answer 8

Ex. marine stewardship council
- Founded in 1997
- Consultive process, criteria changes bases on the country fish is being caught in.

Question 9

Criticisms of certifications

Answer 9

• High cost
• Conflict of interest in cert. process
• Lax interpretations of principals
• Doesn’t address illegal fishing

Question 10

Marine protected areas

Answer 10

• Conserve fisheries and biodiversity
• Are the best way to protect resident species.
• Are a central management tools supported by existing scientific information.

Question 11

Implementing MPAs

Answer 11

• Defining effectiveness (collecting data)
• Compliance
• Enforcement that does not harm local community. (enforcement by community members, alternative jobs for fisheries)(could have power dynamics, hard to stand up to people in your own community)
• Income diversity
• Moratorium on Newfoundland Code fishery in 1992