Biodiversity Lecture November 16th

Question 1

ICDP’s

Answer 1

Integrated Conservation and Development Projects: in contrast to strict protected areas, ICDP’s are an attempt to meet both conservation and development goals at the same time in the same place. May be stand alone, or buffers around strict protected areas. Based on the assumption that people will care about and protect local ecosystems, if they can afford to, if their livelihood is based on the sustainability of these ecosystems. Focus on Education and gender equity.

Question 2

Criticisms of ICDP’s

Answer 2

Ten to focus more on development than conservation (though this may be a matter of time) Danger of cultural imperialism, may seem as though it’s imposed on the poor by the wealthy akin to colonialism (ex flushing toilets), ecotourism may result in objectification of local traditional cultural practices.

Question 3

Should military be involved in protectionism?

Answer 3

Maybe peacekeepers (nature keepers) to protect biodiversity in times of war, to protect from heavily armed poachers. Educators or stewards might be more useful to inform about the importance of biodiversity rather than just impose protectionism.

Question 4

ICDP Summary

Answer 4

May have a role to play as buffers, in areas that need protection, but that are already occupied by people. Strict protected areas may have more of a role in areas not already occupied by people.

Question 5

Main Players in International Biodiversity Conservation Conventions and Initiatives

Answer 5

UNEP (United Nations Environment Program), UNESCO (United Nations Education Science and Cultural Organization), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations), IUCN ( International Union for the Conservation of Nature)

Question 6

International treaties focused on agriculture and plant diversity

Answer 6

International Plant Protection Convention (1952)

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2004)

Question 7

International Plant Protection Convention 1952

Answer 7

To control the spread of plant pest with the goal of food security and conservation of native species (phytosanitation) Provides protection for crop plants and natural flora and plant products, created by members of the FAO, 181 member countries, requires members to have an official plant protection organization, educate the public.

Question 8

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 2004

Answer 8

Recognizes importance of genetic diversity to food security, FAO administered, international system to access plant genetic resources and research, limits intellectual property rights, MAINTAINS FARMER’s RIGHTS TO TRADE AND SELL SEEDS! Recognizes importance of including farmers and their TEK in national decision making. Promotes development and maintenance of diverse farming systems and crops and sustainable use of plant genetic resources. 131 Countries have ratified the treaty.

Question 9

Ecosystem Based Conservation Treaties

Answer 9

Ramsar, World Heritage

Question 10

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands 1971

Answer 10

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. Multilateral treaty for the global conservation of wetlands, NOT ASSOCIATED WITH UN, administered by IUCN. Calls for the Wise use of wetlands.

Question 11

Wetlands

Answer 11

Lakes, Rivers, Swamps, Marshes, Estuaries, Tidal Flats, Near-shore marine areas, mangroves, coral reefs, human made fish ponds, rice patties, reservoirs, etc.

Question 12

Ramsar Convention Requirements

Answer 12

Parties must designate Wetlands of International Importance to be conserved for wise use and encourage research and information exchange between parties. 168 Parties, 2186 Wetlands of International Importance, canada has 37

Question 13

World Heritage Convention 1972

Answer 13

Provides for the conservation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to humanity) 191 Countries, 1007 sites

Question 14

Species Based Conservation Treaties

Answer 14

CITIES, Migratory Bird Species, Biological Diversity (CBD)

Question 15

CITES 1975

Answer 15

Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species of Wold Fauna and Flora. Controls International Trade of threatened and endangered species (whether species is listed in one country or internationally) Conference of the parties approves species list, inspired by a 1963 IUCN resolution. 180 Countries Included

Question 16

CITES Appendix I Species

Answer 16

1200 - Threatened with extinction (IUCN listed) and affected by trade, commercial trade generally illegal

Question 17

CITES Appendix II Species

Answer 17

21000- Not threatened but may become so if trade is not regulated, captive bred individuals of appendix I species

Question 18

CITES Appendix III Species

Answer 18

170 - Listed in One country who has asked for CITES help

Question 19

BONN Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species 1979

Answer 19

To promote the conservation of migratory species through international cooperation, with particular focus on endangered species. Aims to encourage the agreements among range states who are not parties. 120 Parties, Not Canada (it’s a range state with some species involved)

Question 20

Convention on Biological Diversity 1992

Answer 20

To conserve biodiversity and encourage it’s sustainable use across the world, as well as ensuring equitable trade of genetic resources. 194 Parties, not U.S.A. Established by the conference of parties, UNEP, and an expert advisory board.

Question 21

10 Requirements of the CBD

Answer 21

-International cooperation for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and for the promotion of environmentally sound, sustainable development
-National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans
-Identification and monitoring of biodiversity and potentially harmful activities
-Control invasive and genetically modified organisms
-Respect, preserve, and maintain relevant traditional ecological knowledge and lifestyles
-Develop endangered species legislation
-Rehabilitation/restoration of habitat for threatened species
Protected areas
-Develop incentives for conservation and sustainable use
-Research, training, and public education
-Environmental impact assessment
-Financial mechanisms and support for developing nations
-Produce periodic national reports

Question 22

How Many AICHI Biodiversity Targets for 2020?

Answer 22

20

Question 23

Aichi Strategic Goal A:

Answer 23

Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss

• Biodiversity awareness
• Biodiversity values incorporated into poverty reduction and accounting
• Subsidies and incentives harmful to biodiversity eliminated by 2020, incentives to conserve biodiversity in place
• Plans for sustainable production and consumption
• Impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits

Question 24

Aichi Strategic Goal B:

Answer 24

Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use
-Loss of natural habitat halved, degradation and fragmentation reduced
-Fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants managed & harvested sustainably applying ecosystem based approaches
-Sustainable agriculture, aquaculture and forestry, ensuring conservation of biodiversity
-Pollution brought to levels not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity
-Invasive alien species identified and prioritized
-Pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification minimized

Question 25

Aichi Strategic Goal C:

Answer 25

Improve the status of biodiversity

• > = 17 % of terrestrial and inland water and 10% of coastal and marine areas conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures
• Prevention of extinction of known threatened species and improvement of conservation status
• Genetic diversity maintained; strategies have been developed and implemented to minimize genetic erosion and safeguarding genetic diversity.

Question 26

Aichi Strategic Goal D:

Answer 26

Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services.

• Ecosystems that provide essential services are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable.
• Ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems
• By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol is in force and operational

Question 27

Aichi Strategic Goal E:

Answer 27

Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building

• National biodiversity strategy and action plan by 2015
• Respectful integration of TEK and local community knowledge and practices
• Knowledge on biodiversity values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied