BIODIVERSITY IN THE WORLD Flashcards
The goal of the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD):
- to promote the conservation of
biological diversity - to sustainably use biodiversity
components - fair and equitable sharing of benefits
arising from the utilization of genetic
resources - to protect and manage the world’s
biodiversity effectively
3 levels of biodiversity:
- genetic
- species
- ecosystem
It’s the intraspecific diversity and is often measured in terms of total
DNA content, genome size in terms of base pair numbers, number of
genes and by some on the chromosome number, size and
morphology
genetic diversity
The magnitude of ___ of a species increases with
increase in size and environmental parameters of the habitat
variation in genes
Populations with ___ survive and can cope
with environmental changes
higher genetic
diversity
Populations with ___
are vulnerable to
environmental changes and
diseases
low genetic
diversity
When the genes within the same species show different versions due
to new combinations, it is called ___.
genetic variability
Genetic diversity studies have been done not only on wild taxa but also
on taxa that are ___ by humans.
domesticated/cultivated
___ are the biological basis of food security and,
directly or indirectly, support the livelihoods of every person on Earth.
Plant genetic resources
ITPGRFA stands for
International Treaty on Plant genetic
resources for food and agriculture
The ___ are for the conservation and sustainable use
of all plant genetic resources for food and
agriculture.
International Treaty on Plant genetic
resources for food and agriculture (ITPGRFA)
Food and agriculture production are dependent on ___ domesticated elsewhere and subsequently developed
in other countries and regions.
genetic resources
Continued access to ___ and a fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits arising from their use are
therefore essential for food security
plant genetic resources
How many gene banks worldwide are
registered in the WIEWS (World
Information and Early Warning
System on PGR) database.
1,308
a total of ___
accessions, including major crops,
minor or neglected crop species, as
well as trees and wild plants are conserved.
6.1 million
This is the variability found within the population of a species or
between different species of a community.
species diversity
species diversity represents broadly the ___ and their ___ in a
community.
species richness, abundance
The species richness depends largely
on ___.
climatic conditions.
count of the number of species occurring within
the community, and is typically denoted by the symbol S.
species richness
refers to the equitability in the distribution of
individuals among the species.
species evenness
The product species richness and species evenness give ___ of a region.
species diversity
The biological structure of a community is defined by its ___
species composition
is expressed as the proportion each species
contributes to the number of individuals of all species within the
community
Relative abundance
generates new species
speciation
reduces species
richness
extinction
This is the diversity of ecological complexity showing variations of
habitats, biotic communities, and ecological processes in the
biosphere.
ecosystem diversity
ecosystem diversity is also referred as ___
because it includes placement and size of various
ecosystems
landscape diversity
ecological habitats:
- forest ecosystem
- grassland ecosystem
- wetland ecosystem
- coastal and marine ecosystem
- desert ecosystem
a natural woodland unit consisting of all plants,
animals and microorganisms (biotic components) in that area
functioning together with all the nonliving physical (abiotic) factors
of the environment.
forest ecosystem
types of forests:
1 Temperate needle leaf
2 Temperate broad leaf and mixed
3 Tropical moist
4 Tropical dry
5 Sparse trees and Parkland
6 Forest plantations
It mostly occupy the higher latitude
regions of the Northern Hemisphere, as
well as high altitude zones and some
warm temperate areas, especially on
nutrient-poor or otherwise unfavorable
soils.
Temperate Needleleaf Forest
They are generally characteristic of the
warmer temperate latitudes but extend
to cool temperate ones, particularly in
the Southern Hemisphere.
Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest
It is a hot, humid forest with high rainfall
and constant high temperatures.
Tropical Moist Forest
This forest type is a characteristic of areas in the tropics affected by seasonal drought. Under some conditions, the proportion of evergreen species increases and the
forests are “sclerophyllous”.
Tropical Dry Forest
They are forests with open canopies of
10–30 % crown cover. They occur
principally in areas of transition from
forested to non-forested landscapes.
Sparse Trees and Parkland
They are generally intended for the
production of timber and pulpwood,
increase the total area of forest
worldwide. Commonly monospecific and/or
composed of introduced tree species,
which are not generally important as
habitat for native biodiversity.
Forest Plantations
This ecosystem is vegetation type with predominance of grass and
grass-like species. It also known at steppes, prairies, pampas and
savannas in various parts of the world.
grassland
It is a biome with a tropical wet and dry climate, characterized by grasses and scattered trees and shrubs. Rainfall of 50–130 cm a year is
concentrated in 6–8 months with drought the rest of the year.
Tropical Savannah
In many areas, the grasslands have been ___ to maintain a
healthy grass crop for grazing animals.
burned
have less rainfall (25– 90 cm) than tropical
grasslands and a much greater range of temperatures from winter
to summer than savannah.
Temperate Grasslands
These areas have deep, rich soils
and are dominated by tall grasses;
trees and shrubs are restricted to
river valleys, wetlands and other
areas with more moisture.
Prairie Grasslands
receive only 2550 cm of rainfall each year and the grasses are much shorter than those on prairie grasslands. They are also not as widespread, occurring only in Central and Eastern Europe, Northern Eurasia and Western North America.
Steppe Grasslands
They are transitional zones that occupy
intermediate position between dryland
and open water. Encompass diverse and
heterogenous habitats ranging from rivers,
flood plains and rainfed lakes to swamps,
estuaries and salt marshes.
Wetland Ecosystem
They are subjected to the stresses such as
agricultural run-offs, pesticides and construction of dams and barrages.
wetland ecosystem
Major Wetlands Regions of the World:
- Orinoco River Delta of Venezuela
- Amazon river
- Nile delta
- Mekong
Some Wetlands in the Philippines
- Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary
- Candaba Marshland
This ecosystem refers to marine region extending from the ‘upper
tidal limits out across the continental shelf, slope and rise. It
includes rocky shores, sandy beaches, kelp forests, subtidal
benthos and the water column over the shelf, slope and rise.
Coastal and Marine Ecosystem
These ecosystems are largely
characterized by assemblage of
unrelated tree genera that share the
common ability to grow in saline tidal
zones.
mangroves
These are arid regions, generally receiving less than 10 in. of
precipitation a year, or regions where the potential evaporation
rate is twice as great as the precipitation.
Desert Ecosystem
___ deserts are the hottest,
with parched terrain and rapid
evaporation.
Subtropical
The ___ desert have a much cooler average temperature
because of frigid offshore ocean currents.
coastal
___ deserts are marked by stark temperature differences
from season to season, ranging from 100 °F (38 °C) in the summer to
10 °F (−12 °C) in the winter.
Cold winter
