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Grade 9 Science > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define diversity.

A

the differences within a group.

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2
Q

What is the difference between diversity and biodiversity?

A

biodiversity has to involve life.

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3
Q

Define variation.

A

the specifics of what make species different.

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4
Q

Define species.

A

a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.

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5
Q

How do you know when you have two organisms from different species?

A

when they mate they are unable to produce viable offspring.

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6
Q

Why is variation within a species important?

A

Because if a disease entered a species that was all the same everything would die.

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7
Q

what is an adaptation?

A

the change or process of a species becoming better suited to its environment.

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8
Q

how does an organism gain an adaptation?

A

they usually begin from genetic mutation and happen over a long period of time through evolution.

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9
Q

what are the two different types of adaptations?

A

structural and behavioural

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10
Q

define structural adaptations

A

a physical characteristic of an organisms that helps it to better live within its environment

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11
Q

define behavioural adaptations

A

a change in an organisms behaviour so that it can better survive within its environment

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12
Q

how do you calculate diversity index?

A

number of runs over number of specimens

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13
Q

what makes a good diversity index?

A

0.5 or higher

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14
Q

what does the diversity index of an area tell us?

A

how diverse an ecosystem is

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15
Q

define a theory in scientific context

A

an explanation based on evidence for why a law happens

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16
Q

define a law in scientific context

A

something that happens repeatedly and that can be proven through the use of a theory

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17
Q

what are Lamarck’s ideas about evolution?

A

he believed that all animals are born the same but evolve during its lifespan in order to better adapt to its environment

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18
Q

what is Darwin’s theory of evolutions?

A

he believed that all animals are born differently and that the ones that are best adapted to their environments will survive and reproduce

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19
Q

whos theory about evolution is correct and why?

A

Darwin’s because evolution cannot be pre-set

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20
Q

how are new traits and adaptations gained?

A

through environmental and genetic mutation

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21
Q

what has to happen for a trait to be passed onto offspring?

A

it must become a part of the parents genetic code

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22
Q

define artificial selection

A

when humans select which organisms survive

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23
Q

define natural selection

A

when nature selects which organisms survive

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24
Q

how are new species created via natural selection?

A

anyway in which the environment can create a new species

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25
Q

how are new species created via artificial selection?

A

anyway in which humans can create a new species

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26
Q

define taxonomy

A

a branch of science that is concerned with classification, especially of organisms and systematics

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27
Q

define morphology

A

the branch of biology that deals with the study of the form/anatomy of living organisms and the relationships with their structures

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28
Q

define genomics

A

a way of classifying organisms based on their genetic code

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29
Q

why is taxonomy and classification of organisms important?

A
  • helps us keep track of all the different organisms in our
    world
  • helps us take a look at the populations of various
    species so we can tell what is endangered, extinct, etc.
  • makes things less confusing when organisms have a
    scientific name
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30
Q

what is binomial nomenclature?

A

the system of naming different species based on the organisms genus and species. It is all italicised with the genus name capitalized.

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31
Q

how can you tell how closely related organisms are?

A

you look at the classification system to see how many levels they have in common (the more levels they have in common the more related they are)

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32
Q

what are the seven levels of taxonomy in order?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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33
Q

organize the following from small to big: population, cell, organ, system, biosphere, biome, community, ecosystem, tissue

A

cell, tissue, organ, system, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

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34
Q

define population

A

a group of organisms of the same species in the same place at the same time

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35
Q

define communtiy

A

all biotic organisms in the same place at the same time

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36
Q

define ecosystem

A

all biotic and abiotic things in the same place at the same time

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37
Q

define biome

A

a collection of similar ecosystems

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38
Q

define biosphere

A

all biomes together

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39
Q

what is a niche?

A

where an organisms fits within its ecosystem

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40
Q

what factors go into determining an organism’s niche?

A

biotic factors such as animals, plants/fungi, etc. and abiotic factors such as sunlight, water, food and nutrients. it is also determined by an organism’s environment.

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41
Q

define interspecific competition

A

when different species are competing for a resource

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42
Q

define intraspecific competition

A

when organisms within the same species are competing for a resource

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43
Q

define thriving

A

when an organisms is doing really well and is able to produce lots of offspring

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44
Q

define surviving

A

when an organism is barely making it by and is producing little to none offspring

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45
Q

define dying

A

when natural selection does not favour an organisms, causing it to die off and therefor be unable to pass its genes onto the next generation

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46
Q

define a broad niche

A

an organism able to sustain itself in a variety of environments and conditions.

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47
Q

define a narrow niche

A

an organism that is able to sustain itself in very few conditions and environments

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48
Q

which type of niche is preferable and why?

A

a broad niche is preferable because if an animals living conditions change, the organism can still have a chance at surviving

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49
Q

define mutualism

A

when both organisms benefit from a relationship

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50
Q

define commensalism

A

either when one organism benefits from a relationship and the other does not, or where neither organism benefits but neither is harmed

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51
Q

define parasitism

A

a relationship between two organisms when one benefits and the other is harmed

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52
Q

define predation

A

a relationship between organisms where one kills and consumes the other

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53
Q

define trophic cascade

A

an ecological phenomenon from adding or removing a top predator to an ecosystem which causes reciprocal changes to the population of species and results in dramatic changes in the ecosystems structure

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54
Q

define keystone species

A

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depends on to the point that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically

55
Q

define resource partitioning

A

when closely related species compete for the same resources within a niche

56
Q

define asexual reproduction

A

a method of reproduction the requires only on organisms where they effectively clone themselves to create offspring

57
Q

define binary fission

A

when an organism divides itself into two equal halves and keeps duplicating and replicating itself

58
Q

define budding

A

when an outgrown part detaches from the organisms and creates a new one. the bud grows off of the parent then breaks off in order to become independent on its own whenever the fetus has developed enough to fully support itself

59
Q

define spores

A

reproductive cells that must fuse in pairs. they contain little balls of DNA and are ready to grow into full organisms when the time is right. They spread through wind, rain, etc.

60
Q

define fragmentation

A

when a piece of an organism breaks off and the fragment grows into a new organism

61
Q

define runners/tubers,suckers

A

plants that skim along the surface creating new organisms as they go

62
Q

define sexual reproduction

A

a type of reproduction that involves the combination of both male and female gametes

63
Q

define gametes

A

the reproductive cells found in both the male and female

64
Q

what is germline?

A

the DNA within the sex cells

65
Q

define fertlization

A

when a male and female gamete form together during sexual reproduction

66
Q

define cleavage

A

cell division

67
Q

define zygote

A

a fertilized egg

68
Q

define embryo

A

a developing organisms that is not recognizable

69
Q

define fetus

A

a mini baby that just needs more growth

70
Q

define internal fertilization

A

the fusion of male and female sex cells within the body of the female

71
Q

what are some advantages to internal fertilization?

A
  • gametes are kept warm and moist
  • protected within the mother
  • greater chance of fertilization
72
Q

what are some disadvantages to internal fertilization?

A
  • both male and female organism must be present
  • greater time and energy is required
  • few offspring are produced at a time
73
Q

define external fertilization

A

the fusion of male and female sex cells within the external environment

74
Q

what are some advantages to external fertilization?

A
  • offspring is produced in high numbers
  • less energy is required
  • less competition between the offspring and its parents
  • results in greater genetic variation
75
Q

what are some disadvantages of external fertilization?

A

-less chance of survival because there is no parental
care
-many of the offspring do not get fertilizes or do not
survive till their maturity
-can only survive in moistened or wet environments

76
Q

what are some advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • doesn’t require a mate
  • organisms reaches maturity much faster
  • stationary process (no movement required)
77
Q

what are some disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • no genetic variation
  • species may only be suited to one habitat
  • disease may affect all of the individuals within a population
78
Q

whats a hermaphrodite?

A

an organism that can produce both male and female gametes and can self fertilize

79
Q

what is parthenogenesis?

A

unfertilized gametes that can grow into a full organism

80
Q

what is bacterial conjugation?

A

the process through which bacteria exchange genetic material

81
Q

define heritable

A

a trait that is part of the genetic code that can be passed on or inherited

82
Q

what is a continuous trait?

A

a trait that displays a range of expression

83
Q

what is a discrete trait?

A

a trait that is determined through simple Mendelian inheritance and provides limited options

84
Q

define dominant triat

A

one version of a gene that trumps the other

85
Q

define recessive trait

A

a trait that is only expressed when two copies of the gene are present

86
Q

define nature vs. nurture

A

nature is what you are born with where as nurture is the impact the environment has on you

87
Q

what is a mutation?

A

a heritable change in genetic material

88
Q

how do you mutations happen?

A

either due to mistakes made when the DNA is copied, cellular functions or because of environmental factors

89
Q

what is a mutagen?

A

an agent that causes mutations to occur more regularly then normal

90
Q

what is a genotype?

A

the genetic code responsible for a trait

91
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

a physical expression of the genotype

92
Q

define allele

A

a different version of the gene

93
Q

define homozygous

A

when both copies of the alleles are the same genotype

94
Q

define heterozygous

A

when both copies of the alleles are different genotypes

95
Q

what is a punnett square?

A

a square diagram that is used to predict the likelihood of different genes within an offspring

96
Q

how do you represent a dominant trait within a punnett square?

A

through the use of a uppercase letter

97
Q

how do you represent a recessive trait within a punnett square?

A

through the use of a lowercase letter

98
Q

how do you represent a homozygous genotype?

A

through the use of the same form of a letter (ex. AA, or aa)

99
Q

how do you represent a heterozygous genotype?

A

through different forms of a letter (ex. Aa)

100
Q

which trait is always represented first?

A

dominant

101
Q

what is DNA?

A

the hereditary material in humans and nearly all other animals

102
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

103
Q

how many base pairs does DNA have?

A

approximately 3 billion, which resides into 23 pairs of chromosomes

104
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A

-made up of long strands of chemicals/molecules
-contains 4 nucleotide bases which come together to
form DNA
-forms a double helix once made

105
Q

How do the four nucleotide bases pair together?

A

a and t, c and g

106
Q

what does the double helix form?

A

a chromosome

107
Q

what holds two strands of DNA together?

A

the hydrogen bonding between complementary bases

108
Q

How is DNA organized?

A

DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleic acid. cells wrap their DNA strands around scaffolding proteins to form a coiled/condensed structure call chromatin

109
Q

what is a gene?

A

a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encode the synthesis of a gene product

110
Q

what is a chromosome?

A

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found within the nucleus. it carries genetic information in the form of genes

111
Q

how does DNA fit into a cell?

A

it is tightly packed and wrapped around histone proteins to form tight loops call nucleosomes

112
Q

where is nuclear DNA found?

A

within the nucleus

113
Q

where is mitochondrial DNA found?

A

within the mitochondria

114
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 or 23 pairs of 2

115
Q

where do chromosomes come from?

A

half come from the father of the baby and the half come from the mother

116
Q

what are autosomes?

A

any of the numbered chromosomes

117
Q

what are chromosomes numbered in relation to?

A

their size

118
Q

describe mitosis.

A

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

119
Q

what are the three main functions of mitosis?

A

growth, maintenance and repair

120
Q

what is the end product of mitosis?

A

2 identical daughter cells

121
Q

describe meiosis.

A

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes within the parent cell by half

122
Q

where does mitosis occur?

A

in all cells except for the gametes

123
Q

where does meiosis occur?

A

in the sex cells (gametes)

124
Q

what is the end product of meiosis?

A

4 haploid cells that are not identical to the parent cell and that contain half the chromosomes because they are going to join with cells from the opposite sex

125
Q

what do the egg and sperm create when they meet during fertilization?

A

a zygote

126
Q

what are the similarities between mitosis and meiosis?

A
  • both a type of cell division

- chromosome pairs replicate before the process starts

127
Q

how is variation related to meiosis?

A

genetic variation is increased by meiosis because the process allows for each gamete to contain a different set of DNA

128
Q

what is the importance of variation?

A

-forces in evolution
-allows natural selection to increase or decrease the
frequency of allele within a population
-enables individuals to adapt to the environment with
maintaining the survival of the population

129
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

an experimental technique that replaces bad genes out of the body and replaces them with good genes.

130
Q

what does GMO stand for?

A

genetically modified organisms

131
Q

what is biotechnology?

A

using what we know about DNA and genetics to solve problems

132
Q

how does GMO happen?

A

by turning genes on or off or even transferring genes from one species to another in order to produce the most desirable offspring

133
Q

how come populations evolve but individuals do not?

A

evolution is an extremely long process, taking lots of time that is not included in an organism’s individual lifespan, meaning the individual dies off before a full process of evolution can occur.

134
Q

where is there more variation: in a large or smaller population?

A

in the larger population

Grade 9 Science (4 decks)

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