Biodiversity Flashcards
noahs ark preservation
given a limited preservation budget, what species do you save
benefits of preservation
the effect on the probability a species survives with preservation efforts
the social value of the species
costs of preservation
social opportunity cost of preservation (what doesn’t happen)
fig 6 what species would you preserve
species A
increased survival rates means priority
use (market) values of a species surviving
commercial value when harvested
eco-tourism
genetic prospecting and pharmaceuticals
nonuse values of a species surviving
existence- needs to be here
stewardship-ability to preserve it
option- option to see it
bequest- future generations
valye of species in ecosystem for species surviving
harms entire ecosystem if you remove a species
survival benefits of individual species
use, nonuse, and species in ecosystems values
genetic distinctiveness can lead to preserving species more disctinctive than others TF
T
fig 7-combined what two ecosystems would you preserve
A and D- together make the most diverse
preserving diversity doesn’t mean only preserving the species rich ecosystems TF
T
why do we need to value diversity to humans
we must compare diversity benefits to market and non market benefits and costs of preservation
the costs of species preservation
direct costs - park rangers, pruchasing development
opportunity costs- value of preserved area in its next most valuable use
calculating the expected value per dollar of the costs for preservation for each species the equation is
[(use value + nonuse value + diversity value)*probability the species survives ] / cost of protecting the species
aka
value of protecting species / cost of protecting species
is the priority for protection high or low if the species is endangered and it would take a large investment to increase the survival probability by a small amt
low
is the priority for protection high or low if the species is only found in a few small areas and they are not very costly to protect
high
is the priority for protection high or low if the species is on a land with high commercial value
low
is the priority for protection high or low if the species is a keystone species
high
is the priority for protection high or low if the species is a charasmatic megafauna
high
if you ignore preservation costs because the species is priceless what happens
Ri and Ci go to zero
everything has an infinite priority
leads to resources spread too thin over many areas
nonuse and diversity values are easy to calculate tf
f
what act is the main policy for protecting biodiveristy in the us
the endangered species act
some things the endangered species act says
listing of species as endangered or threatened
prohibition of unauthorized taking possession and sale of endangered species
authority to acquire land for the conservation of listed species using land and water conservation funds
auhtorizes establishment of cooperative agreements and grants to states that establish and maintian programs for endangered and threatened species
criminal penalties for voilating the act
habitat conservation plans
volluntary binding agreements between private landowners and public agencies
landowners take conservation measures they are allowed accidental takings
1978 ammendment god squad to endangered species act
grand acception to listed species if
proj if og regional or national significance
proj has no reasonable alternatives
the beenfits of the exemption outweigh the benefits of alternative action where species is conserved
why may people harm the species due to the endangered species act
makes people reduce their economic output
people are more likely to shoot the animal because they don’t want it on their land due to preservation measures
how to mitigate the urge to get rid of the species on your property
offer incentives and pay farmers for land use restrictions
payments for environmental or ecosystem services
private individuals may not recieve the public benefit of protecting the species
A wildlife agency is trying to decide whether it should expend resources to protect an endangered
species. Explain all of the costs and benefits that the agency must consider to make an efficient
decision about whether to preserve the species
benefits:
market values
- commercial value when harvested
-eco-tourism and view related values
-genetic prospecting for pharmaceuticals
non market values
-existence
-stewardship
-option
-bequest
Value of species in ecosystems
-removing species from ecosystem can harm entire ecosystem
Diversity benefits
______________________
Costs
Direct costs
-park rangers
-purchasing development rights
Opportunity costs
-value of preserved area in its next most valuable use
Suppose that a species is only found on land with low commercial value. Everything else equal,
would this species have a relatively high or relatively low priority for protection?
high
Suppose that another species is a cultural icon like the giant panda in China or the bald eagle
in the United States. Would this species have a relatively high or relatively low priority for
protection?
high
