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Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are members of the same species able to do

A

Capable of breeding to produce fertile living offspring

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2
Q

Binomial system features

A

Generic name and specific name And based upon Latin and Greek

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3
Q

Generic name

A

First name and denotes the genus to which an organism belongs

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4
Q

Specific name

A

Second name and denotes the species to which the organism belongs to

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5
Q

Rules to binomial system

A

Names in italics or underlined if hand written , first letter of generic system is capital but specific name is lower case , if specific name is not known written as ‘sp’

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6
Q

How do animals distinguish members of their own species

A

Have same genes so physically look alike and biochemically, behaviours are also alike (influences chances of survival)

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7
Q

Reproduction importance

A

No individual lives forever so it’s the means by which a species can survive over time

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8
Q

Importance of mating being successful and offspring having max chance of survival

A

Because most females only produce eggs at certain times of the year

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9
Q

Courtship behaviours enable Individuals to:

A

Recognise members of their own species(only same species produce fertile offspring) , identify a mate that is capable of breeding, form a pair bond that will lead to success, synchronise mating ( happens when max probablilty of sperm and egg meeting ) , become able to breed( bringing them into physiological state for breeding to occur)

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10
Q

Females can only conceive during a certain short time and only receptive to mating for a time when they produce eggs-how do males determine whether she’s in this stage

A

Uses courtship behaviour and if she responds w the appropriate behavioural response courtship continues leading to offspring but if she isn’t receptive she shows a different behaviour and he turns his attention elsewhere

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11
Q

How do individuals recognise their partner is of the same species to prepare to mate

A

Each species has a set again of action between a male and female and this is different for different species

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12
Q

Classification

A

Grouping of organisms

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13
Q

Taxonomy

A

Theory and practise of biological classification. Studying the groups of species and their positions in a hierarchal order (taxonomic ranks)

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14
Q

Artificial classification

A

Divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time (colour, size, number legs , leaf shape ext) =analogous characteristics

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15
Q

Analogous characteristics

A

Same function but do not have the same evolutionary origins (wings - birds and butterflies both used for flight but originated differently )

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16
Q

Phylogenetic classification

A

Evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors and classifies species into groups using shared features derived from their ancestors and then arranged the groups into a hierarchy where the groups are contained within larger composite groups w no overlap

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17
Q

Homologous characteristics (phylogenetic classification based off )

A

Similar evolutionary origins regardless of their functions in the species ( front leg of horse and arm of human same basic structure and evolutionary origins so are homologous)

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18
Q

Taxon

A

Each group within a phylogenetic biological classification

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19
Q

Domain

A

Highest taxonomic rank

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20
Q

3 of the highest taxonomic ranks

A

Bacteria, archaea(prokaryotes), eukarya

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21
Q

Bacteria and features

A

Single celled prokaryotes,no membrane-bounded organelles (nuclei or mitochondria), unicellular(cells in clusters or chains tho), ribosomes smaller(70s), cell walls and made of murein, single loop of naked dna made up of nucleus acids not histones tho

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22
Q

Archaea features and how differ from bacteria

A

Single celled prokaryotes

Differ- genes and protein synthesis more similar to eukaryotes , membranes contain fatty acid chains attached to glyercerol by ether linkages , no murein in cell walls, more complex rna polymerase

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23
Q

Eukarya

A

Group of organisms made up of one or more eukaryotic cells

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24
Q

Eukarya features

A

Cells posses membrane bounded organelles(mitochondria and chloroplasts), membranes containing fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages , some have cell walls but where they do they have no murein, ribosomes larger (80s) than bacteria and archaea

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25
Q

Eukarya domain divided into 4 kingdoms

A

Protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia

26
Q

In each kingdom the largest groups are called

A

Phyla

27
Q

Diversity in each phylum allows it to be divided into

A

Classes

28
Q

Each phylum are different to each other by their

A

Organisms Body plan

29
Q

Each class is divided into

A

Orders of organisms that have additional features in common

30
Q

Each order is divided into

A

Families

31
Q

At families the differences are _ obvious

A

Less

32
Q

Each family is divided into

A

Genera

33
Q

Each genus(genera singular ) divided into

A

Species

34
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary relationship between organisms( as the hierarchal order of taxonomic ranks is based upon this line of descent of group members)

35
Q

Phylum

A

Group of related or similar organisms

36
Q

Phylogeny of an organism reflects the

A

Evolutionary branch that led up to it

37
Q

Phylogenetic relationships of different species represented by

A

Phylogenetic tree Where the oldest species is at the base of the tree and the most recent ones are at the ends of the beaches

38
Q

Closer the branches =

A

Closer the evolutionary relationship

39
Q

Biodiversity

A

Term used to describe variety in the living world, the number and variety of living organisms in a particular area

40
Q

Biodiversities 3 components

A

Species diversity
Genetic diversity
Ecosystem diversity

41
Q

Species diversity

A

Number of diff species and the number of individuals of each species within any one community

42
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up a population of a species

43
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

Refers to the range of different habits from a small local habitat to the whole of the earth

44
Q

Species richness

A

A measure of species diversity- the number of diff species in a particular area at a given time (community)

45
Q

Index of diversity

A

D=N(N-1) / sum of n(n-1)

N= total No of organisms of all species
n = total No of organisms of each species

46
Q

Higher the species diversity index = more/ less stable ?

A

More And is less affected by change

47
Q

Result of selecting species w particular qualities to make them more productive

A

No of species and genetic variety of alleles they possess is reduced to the few that have the desired features

48
Q

Impact of an area being taken up by only 1 species due to an area only being able to support a certain amount of biomass

A

Smaller area is available for other species so they have to compete for space and resources and many won’t survive the competition

49
Q

Why are pesticides used to get rid of the unwanted species

A

As they compete for light water mineral ions and food required by the farmed species reducing biodiversity

50
Q

Index diversity in agricultural ecosystems

A

Low

51
Q

How has food production doubled over the last 40 years

A

Improved genetic varieties of plant and animal species, greater use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, use of biotechnology and larger farms and conversion of land to farmland in natural communities

52
Q

Practices that have directly removed habitats and species diversity

A

Removal of hedgerows and grubbing out woodland , creating monocultures (replacing meadows with cereal crops or grass for silage) , filling in ponds and draining marshes or wetland, over grazing of land like upland grazing of sheep preventing regeneration of woodland

53
Q

Other practices having an effect on biodiversity

A

Use of pesticides and inorganic fertilisers, escape if effluent from silage stores and slurry tanks into water, a sense of crop rotation and lack of intercropping or under sowing

54
Q

Conservation techniques

A

Maintain hedgerows at most beneficial height and shape (A better than rectangular), plant hedges not fences , maintain and create ponds and leave wet corners in fields , plant trees on land w low species diversity , reduce pesticides use use organic fertilisers , use crop rotation with a nitgrofen fixing crop not fertilisers to improve soil fertility , use intercropping not herbicides for weed and pest control , create meadows and use hay not grass for silage, leave cutting of field edges and verges until after flowering to allow seed dispersion , have conservation headlands

55
Q

Conservation headlands

A

Edges of fields where pesticides are used restrictively so wild flowers and insects can interbreed

56
Q

Instead of pesticides use

A

Biological control or genetically modified organisms that are resistant to pests

57
Q

Conservation methods are more expensive so what’s there to encourage farmers to do them

A

Financial incentives from department for environment, food and rural affairs and the European Union

58
Q

Main cause of species loss

A

Clearance of land to grow crops and meet demand for food from increasing pop

59
Q

Hedges advantages

A

Increase species diversity and act as corridors for species to disperse themselves tho , produce food for animals in it and around it

60
Q

Why are hedgerows removed

A

Increase in farm machinery and larger farms so small fields not suited to machinery to hedges are removed they also take up land that could produce crops using grants that were set up to increase productive land area

61
Q

Polyploidy

A

Organisms have 3 or more sets of chromosomes than usual 2

62
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Individual homologous pairs of chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis - results in a gamete having 1 more or less chromosome

Biology (9 decks)

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