Biodiversity Flashcards
The variety of living organisms in a particular area is called its ________________
Biodiversity
If an area is said to have many plants and animals it is said to have high ________________
Biodoversity
We ______________ an object when we put it in a group with other objects that are similar in some way.
Classify
A ___________ system is a set of criteria that we use to classify objects and name the groups that we put objects in.
Classification
The grouping of living things according to their characteristics is called _________________ ___________________.
biological classification
The most widely accepted system of biological classification divides living organisms into ___________ main groups called _____________
Five, Kingdoms
Which kingdom does the picture represent?
Animal
What are the five main biological classifications?
Animal, Bacterium, Protist, Plant, Fungi
Which kingdom does the picture represent?
Fungi
Which kingdom does the picture represent?
Plants
Which kingdom or biological classification does the following picture represent?
Protist
Which kingdom or biological classification does the following picture represent?
Bacterium
Draw a pie chart with the correct numbers as it relates to biological classifications or the ‘kingdoms’.
See pic.
[____________] [_____________] was the [nationality] naturalist who began the enormous task of classifying all living things.
1) Carl Linnaeus (Make sure you can really spell this name!)
2) Swedish
Carl Linnaeus created [_______] groups or [______] [_______] to classify all living organisms.
1) Seven
2) Taxanomic levels (make sure you can spell taxanomic!)
What are the taxonomic levels Carl Linnaeus came up with in the correct order.
1) Kingdom
2) Phylum (Division)
3) Class
4) Order
5) Family
6 Genus
7) Species
Give yourself an honest ranking! Clown! X
Kingdoms are the [_______________] ranking taxonomic level.
Highest
As it relates to taxanomic level, kingdoms contain [___________] animals with [________] features in common.
1) Many
2) Few
The [___________] is the smallest, lowest ranking taxon.
species
The species taxon contains only [________, _______] kind of organisms that are [_______,_________] to one another and are able to [___________].
1) the, same
2) very similar
3) Reproduce
Love you!
What are the three main ways in which plants and animals are different?
Movement, Nutrition, Reproduction
In what ways are plants and animals different as it relates to movement?
Plants do not move around. Animals do. Plants grow roots that anchor them in the soil, these roots then absorb water and nutrients.
In what ways are plants and animals different as it relates to Nutrition?
Plants use chlorophyll to make their own food using photosynthesis. They also use sunlight, carbon dioxide from the air and water and mineral salts form the soil to make their own food.
Animals do not make their own food they hunt for it or eat plants.
In what ways are plants and animals different as it relates to reproduction?
Plants reproduce via seeds, spores or vegetation (which is where a piece of the plant falls off).
Animals reproduce by giving birth to live young, laying eggs or simply by dividing their bodies onto two.
All living organisms are grouped or classified according to similar [____________].
Characteristics.
They are first grouped into broad categories and then into more [______________] categories.
Specific.
As it relates to the diversity in animals, all animals are classified as either __________ or ______________
1) Vertebrates
2) Invertebrates
______________ are animals that have a backbone
Vertebrates
_______________ are animals that do not have a backbone.
Invertebrates
Vertebrates belong to a single __________.
Phylum
Vertebrates are divided into ________ classes on the basis of distinguishing characteristics.
Five
What are the five classes of vertebrates?
1) Fish
2) Amphibians
3) Reptiles
4) Birds
5) Mammals
Fish are ___________ organisms.
aquatic
Fish are __________ blooded organisms that live in fresh water or salt water.
Cold
Fish have ______ instead of lungs.
gills
Fish usually have _______, ________ and a ________.
Scales, fins and a tail.
Fertilization in fish is ______________
External
True or False: Fish hardly ever look after their young.
True.
True or False: Fish eggs and sperm fuse inside the fish to make babies.
False. Fish fertilization is external meaning the sperm and eggs fuse outside in the water.
Amphibians are ____________ blooded organisms.
Cold.
Give three examples of amphibians.
Toad, Frog, Newt
Most amphibians have ___________ legs.
Four
Amphibians can live on ____________ and in ____________.
Land, Water
We say amphibians are _____________ meaning they can live on land and in water.
Amphibious.
Do fish have nostrils?
Yes, for smelling!
Do amphibians have nostrils?
Yes!
What other than their nostrils do frogs breathe with?
Their skin.
Frog ________ hatch and undergoe a ______________ before they becomes fully fledged frogs.
tadpoles
metamorphosis
Reptiles are ________ blooded organisms.
cold
Reptiles live in every habitat in the world except ____________
Antarctica.
Reptiles usually have four legs and are covered in scales although there are some exceptions such as ____________.
Snakes
Fertilization in reptiles is ________________.
Internal.
In reptiles the male deposits ____________ inside the female to fertilize the eggs.
Sperm.
In reptiles the female lays _______________ in a _______ in the _______.
egss, hole, sand
True of False: Reptiles take care of their young.
False, not usually.
Birds are _____________ blooded organisms.
Warm.
True or false, birds are found in every eco-system in the world from the Arctic to the Antarctic.
True
Fill out this table accurately.
Check each answer..
Invertebrates are all the animals that exist on Earth that do not have a _____________.
Backbone.
All arthropods have ____________ ______________ and an ______________.
Jointed legs
Exoskeleton
An arthropod’s exoskeleton is made of what?
Chitin
Provide examples of arthropod classes.
1) Insects
2) Arachnids (spiders)
3) Crustaceans (crabs, prawns etc)
True / False: All insects have a waxy covering over their exoskeleton called the cuticle.
True
True / False: All insects have a head, thorax and abdomen.
True
True / False: All insects have four pairs of jointed legs.
False. They have three.
True / False: All insects have one pair of simple eyes.
False: One pair of compound eyes.
True / False: All insects have two pairs of antennae.
False: One pair of antennae.
True / False: All insects have three pairs of mouth parts.
True.
True / False: All arachnids have a head, thorax and abdomen.
False: Cephalothorax and abdomen, 2 segments.
True / False: All arachnids have four pairs of jointed legs.
True.
True / False: All arachnids have antennae and wings.
False.
True / False: All arachnids have one pair of compound eyes and eight pairs of simple eyes.
True.
True / False: All arachnids have two pairs of modified appendages for feeding, defence and sensory perception.
True.
How many species of insect have been identified?
1 million.
How many different arachnids have been identified?
100 000
How many different types of crustaceans are there?
67000
True / False: All crustaceans have a soft exoskeleton.
False: A hard exoskeleton.
True / False: All arachnids have jointed legs
True
True / False: All arachnids have three body parts, head, thorax and abdomen.
True, the head and thorax may be fused into a cephalothorax.
True / False: All arachnids have legs or other appendages attached to the body segments.
True.
True / False: All Molluscs has hard bodies
False, soft bodies
True / False: All molluscs have either an internal or external shell
True
True / False: All molluscs have a mantle which is a fold of the body wall that secretes the shell.
True
True / False: All molluscs have a muscular foot and / or tentacles
True
True / False: All molluscs have a radula which is a toothed structure in the mouth that is used to grate food.
True
True / False: All molluscs have three pairs of gills.
False, two pairs of gills.
What is needed for a plant to make its own food? (4)
Sunlight
Carbon Dioxide from the air
Water
Minerals from the soil
How many species of plants are there growing all over the world?
290000
The plant word is divided into two groups, what are these? (Not the scientific descriptions!) (2)
1) Plants that use seeds to reproduce.
2) Plants that use spores to reproduce.
Seed producing plants are called what in the scientific classification literature? (2)
Angiosperms.
Gymnosperms
In ferns, the spores develop in ______ on the lower surface of the leaves.
Sori.
- Think of Jessie Kriel in the shops (“Sori”)
Angiosperms are the most ______ group of plants.
Diverse.
True or False: Angiospores are the smallest group within the plant kingdom.
False: Angiospores are the LARGEST group in the plant kingdom.
What are the seeds of Angiosperms sometimes referred to? Why? (2)
“Covered seeds”
The seeds are enclosed inside a fruit.
What is the fundamental difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms? (2)
Gymnosperm seeds are not surrounded by fruit. The seeds of gymnosperms form in cones instead of in flowers.
What are gymnosperms often referred to as? Why? (2)
“Naked-seeded plants”
Their seeds are not covered in fruit like with the angiosperms.
Give two examples of gymnosperms. (2)
Cycads
Pine trees
Give two examples of angiosperms. (2)
Avocado
Tomato
What are the two major groups of angiosperms? Spell them correctly. (2)
Monocotyledons
Dicotyledons
What is a cotyledon?
A leaf found inside the seed.
What is the fundamental difference between mono and di cotyledons?
Mono has one seed leaf, di has two.
What are the main characteristics of a monocotyledonous plant as it relates to how the plant grows? (5)
1) The parts of the flower are arranged in 3s or multiples of 3.
2) The stem remains green and flexible throughout the life of the plant.
3) The leaves are long and strap-like in shape and they have veins that run parallel to each other along the length of the leaf.
4) Leaves are attached to the stem by a leaf sheath that wraps around the stem.
5) An adventitious root system has many branched roots growing directly from the base of the stem.
What are the following plants in terms of classification? Why? (6)
Monocotyledonous.
1) Sheath at the base of the leaves
2) Green flexible stems.
3) Flowers arranged in 3’s or multiples of 3.
4) An adventitious root system.
5) Leaves are long and strap like.
6) Veins in the leaves run in parallel.
What are the main characteristics of the dicotyledonous plant? (7)
1) The parts of the flower are arranged in 4’s or 5’s or multiples of these.
2) An axillary bud grows in the angle formed by the petiole and the stem.
3) A petiole attaches a leaf to a stem.
4) Different species of these plants have different shapes. The veins form a network.
5) Stems start off green and flexible but become hard and woody as the plant grows older.
6) A tap root system that has one main root that grows deep into the soil.
7) Side roots grow off the main root.
What are these plants an example of? Why? (7)
1) Dicotyledonous.
2) Petioles connect the leaves to the stem.
3) Tap root system.
4) Flowers (petals) in multiples of 4 or 5.
5) Different leaf shapes but veins form a network.
6) Stem becomes brown and wooded later on.
7) Side roots grow off the main root.
There is no axillary bud here but look out for it!
Correctly label the following angiosperm.
What two words in Greek does the word angiosperm come from? (2)
Angus (flask)
Sperma (seed)
In angiosperms where do fruit and seeds develop from? (1)
From the flowers.
What are the four whorls in the flower of an angiosperm from outermost to innermost?
Sepals
Petals
Stamens
Pistil
True or false: The pistil is the male whorl.
False. It is the female whorl.
True or false the stamen is the male whorl.
True.
True or false: The petals enclose and protect the other whorls while the flower develops?
False: The sepals enclose and protect the other whorls while the flower develops.
True or False: The nectar glands are found at the base of the sepals.
False: The nectar glands are found at the base of the petals.
What is nectar and what is its purpose? (2)
A sugary liquid.
To attract birds and insects to flowers.
True or false: The fourth whorl is made up of the stamens.
False: The third whorl is made up of the stamens.
True or false: The fourth whorl is the Pistil and is the male whorl
False: The fourth whorl IS the Pistil but the Pistil is the female whorl.
What are the three parts of the Pistil and what are their functions (4)
Ovary, Style and stigma
Ovary = immature seeds (female sex cell) or ovules.
Style = connects the ovary to the stigma.
Stigma = receives pollen during pollination.
Flowers that contain a stamen AND a pistil are called __________________
Bisexual
Flowers that contain EITHER male or female parts are called __________________
Unisexual
Give one word for the following:
a) The colourful whorl of a flower that attracts birds and insects.
b) The female whorl of a flower.
c) Immature seeds in the ovary.
d) The structure that receives pollen from other flowers during pollination.
e) The outermost whorl of a flower.
Petals
Pistil
Ovules
Stamen
Sepal
Describe one function of each of the following:
a) Sepals
b) Anther
c) Filament
d) Ovary
e) Style
Protects all of the whorls inside of it while they grow.
Part of the stamen that contains and produces pollen
Thin stalk that support the stamen and holds it up.
Contains immature eggs (ovules)
Connects the stamen to the ovary
What is the definition of pollination?
When pollen is transferred from an anther to the stigma of a plant of the same species.
What spreads pollen?
Wind or pollinators (bees, bats, etc)
Name some characteristics of wind pollinated flowers. (5)
a) Are positioned at the top of long grass stems
b) do not have bright petals (do not have to attract)
c) Produce large quantities of dry light pollen.
d) Have long stigmas and filaments that hang out of the flowers exposing the stamens and stigmas to the wind.
e) Have stigmas that are branched like feathers to increase the area that is exposed to the air, which ensures that pollen is trapped on the stigmas.
What type of pollination is this flower likely to be? Why? (3)
Wind
Positioned at the tips of long stems
No bright petals
Stigmas are branched like feathers.
Have long stigmas and stamens exposed to the wind.
Name the characteristics of insect pollinated flowers. (5)
Sweet scent, are brightly coloured, typically blue, red, white and purple.
Produce nectar
Small amounts of sticky pollen
stamens and stigmas situated inside the flower pollen rubs off onto the insect
Patterns on the petals called nectar guides.
Name the characteristics of bird pollinated flowers
Have brightly coloured petals typically red, yellow and orange
Have no scent because birds have no sense of smell
Produce large quantities of nectar
are tubular or trumpet like so that pollen sticks to the birds when they visit the flowers
have long stames and stigmas postioned so that they make contact with the beaks of birds.
How are each of these flowers likely to be pollinated? Why? (6)
a) insects; bright white petals to attract insects
b) Wind, no bright petals, long stigmas and stamens exposed to the wind.
c) Birds; tubular for beaks to stick pollen on beaks; Typically orange, red, yellow.
Label this image
Answered
When the flower is pollinated _________ sticks to the stigma
Pollen.
The male sex cells from the pollen move down the style to reach the ovary and specifically the ______ in the _______________.
Egg, Ovule
How do the male sex cells get to the ovary?
A thin tube grows out of the pollen attached to the stigmas and moves down the style until it reaches the ovule at which point the male sex cells are released.
What is a fertilized egg called?
Zygote
What happens to the male sex cell that does not fuse with the female egg?
Fuses with two cells in the ovule, this results in the development of the endosperm which is the starchy food that feeds the developing seed.
What happens to the flower when the a zygote has formed?
Loses all its whorls and the upper part of the pistil. Only part that remains is the ovary inside. The zygote beings to grow. The ovary swells and develops into a fruit.
Why does the plant want the fruit to be eaten?
So animals can excrete the pip.
Which number is the egg found?
What number develops in to a fruit?
4
5
Explain the following terms:
Fertilization
Pollen
Nectar
a) When pollen attaches itself to the flowers stigma, a tube grows down to the ovule, male sex cells are released and one of them fuses with the female egg in the ovule.
b) Male sex cells (gamete) produced by the stamen to be picked up by wind, insects or birds and carried to the stigma of a different plant but the same species.
c) Sweet fluid produced by plants to attract insects and birds.
Explain what happens to each of the following after fertilization has taken place in the flower.
ovary
ovule
petals
a) Ovary = fruit
b) ovule = seed
c) petals = fall off
As it relates to seeds what is self dispersal?
When pods burst open and release seeds. Like peas.
