biodiveristy ALL Flashcards
fungi
body consists of mycelium, a network of strands called hyphae
walls made from chitin
eukaryotes
many nuclei - multi nucleate
most free living & saprotrophic (causes decay of other organic matter)
animals
heterotrophic
multicellular
gain nutrition by digesting & absorbing organic matter
eukaryotes
fertilised eggs that develop into a ball of cells called a blastula
usually able to move around
prokaryotes
NO NUCLEUS bacteria and cyanobacteria looped DNA - not linear chromosones no membrane - bound organelles smaller ribosomes respire not in mitochondria but on cell surface membrane smaller cells thaneukaryotes may be freeliving or parastitic some cause diseases
protoctists
all eukaryotes
contains single-celled & some multicellular organisms
wide variety of forms
plant like / animal like
mostly freeliving
autotrophuc/heterotrophic
ONLY THING REALLY IN COMMON IS THAT THEY DONT FIT IN ANY OF THE OTHER 4 GROUPS
Traditionally…
just 2 kingdoms 9(plants &animals)
5 have been accepted for many years
species richness;
the number of species present
species evenness
number of indivisulas in each species
simpsons index law what does it measure?
measures diversity. high value = diverse
8 taxonmic groups in order
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
study of RNA tells us two types
eukaryotes
prokaryotes - (bacteria [eubacteria] & archaea [archaeabacteria])
sampling colect animals
sweep netting collecting form trees a pitfall trap a tullgren funnel a light ttrap
sampling can damage habitats temp. / long term
envrionment impact assessment
maintain habitats & reducing the damage
binomial system
each species identified by genus and species name
dichotomous key
yes/no?
early classification;
based on observable features. Then microscopes were used. then electron microscopes.
cytochrome C
used in respiration –> is a protein we can look at amino acids
if 2 speices have same sequence = closely related
more differences less closely related
SAME FOR DNA
classfication definiton
is the process of putting living things into groups
taxonomy
is the study of the prinicples of classification
phylogeny
study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms (evlotuionary tree)
rnadom smapling 3 steps
take sample @ regular distances
use random numbers
select co-ordinates from a map
habitat definiton
the place where organsisms live
biodiversity definition
is the variety of life - the range of living organisms to be found
species definition
a group of indivisula organisms very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochem, & genetics, whose members are able to interbreed freely to produce fertils offspring
genetic Variation
genes from parents
alleles
all deifferent unless twins
environmetal variation
affected by environment
eg fat pet due to overfeeding
four darwins conclusions
offspring look like parents
organisisma can reproduce A LOT
offspring similar in size
no 2 indivisuals are identical
evidence to back up evolution from darwins now…
fossils (gaps in records, speices died out etc)
DNA & molecule evidence
conservation; why?
if we allow extinction, could lose many answers
without plants = no O2. DIE
All living have right to survive
an adaption
a feature that enhances survival & long-term reproductive success
variation defininton
the prescence of variety - of differences between indivisuals
BETWEEN AND WITHIN SECIES
continuous variation;
2 extremes & full range of intermediate between! eg heright in humans
discontinuous variation
2 or more distinct categories NO intermediate eg colours of flowers
xerophytic plants adaptions
a feature that enhances survival & long term reproductive sucess
behavioural adaption
behaviour of an organsism which aids survivial
physiological / biochemical
one that ensures the correct functioning of cell processes eg respiring in plants (day/night)
anatomical
structural ; ie bacteria having flagella
evolution STEPS
- variation form mutation
- ‘select’ the best variation
- indivisuals with advantage survive & reproduce
- pass on genes & alleles
- next generation will be better adapted
GENETIC VARIATION NOT ENVIRONMENTAL
speication;
formation of a new species. Reproductive barriers–> allopatric
geography &
plants
gain nutrition from photosynthesis (autotrophs)
are eukaryotes
multicellular
cells surrounded by cellulose cell wall
produce multicellular embryos from fertilised eggs
autotrophic nutrition
