Biodefense and antibiotics Flashcards
What are the labs that we need?
- Plasma proteins–> C reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation
- Leukocytosis
Tell me about C-reactive protein
Lab value should be < 1.0
Predictor for CV events Hi risk >3.0
Does not rise with viral infections
Used to dx bacterial infections inflamm, d/o’s such as RA
Tell me about erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Non-Specific
Indirect measure of inflammation
As auto immune disease worsens it increases, falls with in improvement
Acute phase lab finding=inflammation response
Tell me about leukocytosis
WBC’s greater than 10,000
Will look at different types of WBC’s
What is IgE?
Principal antibodies in allergic response and parasitic infection
What is a hypersensitivity reaction? How are they broken down?
A reaction that can occur quickly or hours to days after re- exposure
types 1,2,3 require antibodies
type 4 require T cells
(you can’t have an allergic rxn unless you have been exposed to it before)
describe anaphylaxis
a severe reaction after RE-EXPOSURE
Most serious allergic reaction to antimicrobials
Symptoms include hives, edema, choking sensation, chest pain, SOB, No
tx Includes epinephrine SQ
What is a type 1 reaction?
IgE mediated Immediate <1hr onset Anaphylaxis and or hypotension Penicillin most common Larger # of IgE produced in response to allergens Get mast cell degranulation, histamine release, leukotrienes
What is a type 2 Reaction?
A tissue specific reaction
think blood transfusions, The more blood transfusions that someone has the more antibodies they get, It’s harder to find a match
What is a type 4 reaction?
A localized reactionSuch as poison ivy TX Oral prednisone
Describe pathogenic defense mechanisms
- Compete with normal flora
- produce toxins/enzymes
- avoid opsonization
- destroy CT
- Avoid lysis
- stop complement cascade by degrading complement protein
What are viruses?
Are intracellular parasites, do you not have organelles necessary for reproduction
Replicate by taking over host self
Factors that influence development of infection
- Entry portal (spread is easy through blood and lymph)
- MOA (How does the damage cells)
- Infectivity (Ability to enter and replicate)
- Pathogenicity (Ability to produce disease)
- Virulence (Speed of replication)
- Toxigenicity (Production of toxins)
What are the four stages of infection?
- Incubation (from initial exposure to the onset of the first signs and symptom)
- Prodromal (Initial symptoms which are often very mild)
- Invasion (Immune in inflammatory responses are triggered and symptoms of pathogen replication)
- Convalescence (Either successful termination of the infectious disease or latency phase with potential for reactivation)
What are the clinical manifestations of infectious disease?
Variable depending on the pathogen, organ system affected, and severity
Fatigue, weakness, LOC, Generalize aching, Loss of appetite, Fever
Leukocytosis (Increase white blood cell)
What is the hallmark of most infectious disease this?
Fever, resetting of the hypothalamus
What is bacteremia?
Presence of bacteria in the blood due to a failure of the body’s defense magnesium
You can have bacteremia and not septicemia
What is septicemia?
Secondary clinical manifestations blood infection, septic shock, very virulent bacteremia
What are antibacterials?
Chemicals that killed or suppress the growth of a micro organisms
Known as antimicrobials/antibiotics
also Antivirals antifungal’s antiparasites
What is the MOA of antimicrobials?
Gain access to target sites,
bactericidal drugs: cause death to the organism
bacteriostatic drugs: prevent pathogen from growing and dividing
some have both
Principles of treatment
Right antimicrobial for the pathogen
Try to get cultures and sensitivities
Most treatment is empiric based start with broad spectrum
Antibiotic resistance occurs when
Antimicrobial is unable to reach the potential target sight of its action
Microbe produces an enzyme beta-lactamase (destroys PCN)
host defense mechanisms
Super infection
Secondary infection, occurs during antimicrobial therapy
Normal organisms destroyed
Ex: getting treated for pneumonia and then get a UTI
What factors increase risk for getting super infection?
Large doses, more than one antibiotic, broad spectrum drugs
Super infection management
Discontinue drug being given or replace it
Culture that suspected infected area
Possibly administer an anti-microbial affective against aa new microbe
Nursing management for super infections
Monitor clients response
Ask about rash, diarrhea?
Educate: Take full course of meds, do not share, do not take leftover for new illnesses
Contraindication for live vaccines
Fever, diarrhea
What are viruses?
Non-living agents that contain no cellular organs, Intracellular parasites
