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Courses > BIOD27: Endocrinology (TT1) > Flashcards

BIOD27: Endocrinology (TT1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the parathyroid glands?

A

play an important role in regulating blood calcium

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2
Q

what is the function of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

A

promotes the urinary excretion of sodium from the body

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3
Q

paracrines vs. autocrines

A

paracrines: exerts effects on local/nearby cells

autocrines: chemicals that exert effect on cells that produced them in the first place (ie. affects itself)

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4
Q

attaches a sugar, usually to an “N” or “O” atom in an a.a. side chain

A

glycosylation

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5
Q

adds an acetyl group to the N-terminus of a protein to increase stability

A

acetylation

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6
Q

covalently links the “S” atoms of 2 different cysteine molecules

A

disulfide bond

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7
Q

attaches a lipid to a protein chain

A

lipidation

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8
Q

adds a phosphate to serine, threonine, or tyrosine

A

phosphorylation

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9
Q

leptin vs. ghrelin

A

leptin: suppresses appetite

ghrelin: increses appetite

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10
Q

what is the role of C-peptide in the prohormone?

A

helps to make sure that the 2 parts that need to be linked together has the right orientation for folding and so that we can put disulphide bonds in the right place (Connecting peptide)

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11
Q

the rough ER is an _____ environment whilte the cytosol is an _____ environment

A

the rough ER is an oxidizing environment whilte the cytosol is a reducing environment

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12
Q

an aqueous pore in the ER membrane through which secreted proteins pass during translation

A

translocon

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13
Q

what helps create diversificaton in peptide hormones?

A
  • transcription of multiple homologous genes
  • transcription machinery at different sites on all genes
  • alternative splicing of transcripts (exons)
  • protein cleaved in different ways to create different fragments
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14
Q

the only 2 locations within the vertebrate body where steroid hormones are produced

A

adrenal and gonadal

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15
Q

most basic steroid hormone, as just involves removal of part of the cholesterol side chain

A

pregnenolone

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16
Q

what are the 2 major places to find enzymes necessary for steroid hormone synthesis

A

mitochondria and smooth ER

(most found in smooth ER)

17
Q

3 general types of reactions in steroid hormones

A
  1. hydroxylations
  2. dehydrogenations
  3. C-C bond breakage
18
Q

what is the active form of vitamin D called?

A

calcitriol

19
Q

what are eicosanoids?

A

they are derivates of arachidonic (aka fatty) acids

20
Q

a protein that is always involved in forming vesicles within cells

A

clathrin

21
Q

what are the 3 major hormones that the pancreas produces?

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • somatostatin
22
Q

what are the advantages to a pulsatile hormone release?

A
  • info can be coded in amplitude or frequency of pulses
  • more energetically-efficient and less cellular stress
  • prevents receptor desensitization
23
Q

what are 2 factors that determine half-life of hormones?

A
  • how quickly it equilibrates w/ extravascular fluid and/or adipose tissue
  • how quickly it is degraded
24
Q

transformation of steroids to get degraded?

A

reduction then conjugation before excretion (70% in urine, 20% in bile)

25
Q

the bigger KD (dissociation constant) is, the (faster/slower) the rate of hormone degradation

A

the bigger KD (dissociation constant) is, the FASTER the rate of hormone degradation

26
Q

rate constants: K1 vs. K2

A

K1: rate at which hormone-receptor complex forms

K2: rate at which hormone receptor degrades

27
Q

states that cells express much higher concentrations of hormone receptors than is needed to bring about a maximum biological effect

A

spare receptor hypothesis

28
Q

intracellular receptors: zinc finger

A

D box (C II): generalized DNA binding region

P box (C I): allows for protein to bind to a very specific DNA sequence

29
Q

posterior pituitary gland: components

A

infundibular stalk
pars nervosa

30
Q

anterior pituitary gland: components

A

pars tuberalis
pars intermedia
pars distalis

31
Q

refers to bundle of axon running from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland

A

supraopticohypophyseal tract

32
Q

role of prolactin in different vertebrate groups

A

mammals: milk production

birds: fat metabolism

fish: salt and water balance

amphibians: metamorphosis and maturation

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