Biocompatibility: Host Response to Biomaterials

Question 1

host responses to biomaterials

Answer 1

protein deposition
coagulation
inflammation
wound healing
matrix remodeling
tissue regeneration

Question 2

the biomaterial surface

Answer 2

synthetic implant materials do not have biological content that cells can recognize

Question 3

all biomaterials contact

Answer 3

body fluids
blood, saliva, tears, extracellular fluid
these fluids contain proteins

Question 4

proteins are made of

Answer 4

amino acids, joined together to form peptides, and folded into precise structures

Question 5

adsorption

Answer 5

two dissimilar surfaces will adhere to each other if there is attractive interactions between them
dissimilar molecules/macromolecules with respect to a surface will also absorb to the solid surface in the presence of attractive interactions

Question 6

cohesion

Answer 6

when two surfaces with similar molecules are attached to each other

Question 7

example of protein adsorption leading to reduced biocompatibility

Answer 7

disposable contact lenses
over time in the eye, proteins deposit with exposure to tears, needs periodic cleaning or replacement

Question 8

if not removed, adsorbed proteins from disposable contact lenses can

Answer 8

clog pores on contact lenses, reduce oxygen permeability
mediate bacteria adhesion and lead to biofilm formation
contributes to loss of material function

Question 9

biocompatibility testing looks to understand

Answer 9

the potential local and systemic toxicity to define potential incompatibility

Question 10

wound healing

Answer 10

is a sequential process that is driven by non-specific immunity
interruption of the sequence can lead to chronic would (diabetic foot ulcer)

Question 11

the stages of wound healing

Answer 11

hemostasis - blood clotting
inflammation - elimination of antigens and damage
proliferative - redeposit tissue architecture
remodeling - tissue maturation

Question 12

would healing can be interrupted by

Answer 12

infection
wound bed disruption
blood supply

Question 13

what stage of wound healing defines would outcomes, and is the stage most impacted by implants

Answer 13

inflammatory phase

Question 14

granulocytes

Answer 14

contain small granules inside them to provide rapid soluble factor release
eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, neutrophils

Question 15

phagocytes

Answer 15

consume and kill pathogens intracellularly, and some participate in adaptive immune engagement
neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 16

immunity is effective because it is both

Answer 16

specific and non-specific

Question 17

non-specific responses

Answer 17

work quickly when they sense something that does not seem normal

Question 18

specific responses

Answer 18

work using memory, they are trained by non-specific responses to work more effectively with a second exposure - target response

Question 19

PAMPs

Answer 19

molecular signatures that are not present in normal mammals

Question 20

DAMPs

Answer 20

molecular patterns common to cell damage

Question 21

PAMPs and DAMPs are recognized by

Answer 21

pattern recognition receptors

Question 22

molecular patterns stimulate

Answer 22

an innate immune response, including cytokine and chemokine production

Question 23

blood - material interactions

Answer 23

blood is designed to form clots whenever it is not contacting normal endothelium - no synthetic or modified biological surface is as resistant to thrombosis as normal unperturbed endothelium

Question 24

materials can induce thrombosis through

Answer 24

blood plasma protein adsorption on the implant surface
adhesion of platelets and leukocytes
bulk fibrin formation

Question 25

coagulation is a

Answer 25

cascade
enzymes released from initiation propagates clot formation on implants

Question 26

clinical signs of inflammation

Answer 26

pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of tissue function

Question 27

defining features of wound inflammation

Answer 27

clinical signs
the vascular component that is achieved through leaky vessels
cellular components: phase 1 and 2

Question 28

cellular component phase 1 of wound inflammation

Answer 28

extravasation of leukocytes from the blood occurs quickly - phagocytosis of foreign objects, debris, bacteria
attracted to the wound site by signaling molecules

Question 29

cellular component phase 2 of wound inflammation

Answer 29

monocytes, which differentiate into macrophages, further support this function and orchestrate the next stage of healing

Question 30

innate immune activation induces a cascade of

Answer 30

inflammation response - strength in collaboration and numbers