biochemistry terms

Question 1

what percent of an organism is water?

Answer 1

90%

Question 2

what is the universal solvent?

Answer 2

water

Question 3

what are the properties of water?

Answer 3

Surface tension
Polar
Cohesive
Adhesive

SPCA

Question 4

organic chemistry

Answer 4

the study of carbon-based molecules.

Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon based molecules.

Question 5

electrons in a carbon atom

Answer 5

It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight.

It can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds.

Question 6

hydrocarbons

Answer 6

The simplest carbon compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 7

what do organic molecules always contain

Answer 7

Always contain carbon and hydrogen;

Almost always contain oxygen;

Often contain nitrogen or phosphorus. (or sulfur)

Question 8

functional group

Answer 8

groups of atoms that give properties to the compounds to which they attach.

Question 9

macromolecules

Answer 9

large molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 10

polymers

Answer 10

a type of macromolecule

made by stringing together many smaller molecules (monomers)

Question 11

monomers

Answer 11

smaller molecules

Question 12

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 12

also known as CONDENSATION

links monomers by removing a molecule of water for every bond made.

Question 13

hydrolysis

Answer 13

breaks down macromolecules, adding a molecule of water for each bond broken.

Question 14

categories of large molecules in cells

Answer 14

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Question 15

carbohydrates

Answer 15

sugars

Question 16

MONOSACCHARIDES

Answer 16

monomer carbohydrates

simple sugars

Question 17

common monosaccharides

Answer 17

glucose (blood sugar)

galactose (in milk sugar)

fructose (fruit sugar)

Question 18

what do monosaccharides form in aqueous solutions

Answer 18

aqueous=watery

form rings structures (in cells!)

Question 19

disaccharides

Answer 19

Larger sugars/smaller polymers

double sugar

2 monomers (rings) are bonded by dehydration synthesis

Question 20

common disaccharides

Answer 20

sucrose (table sugar)

lactose (milk sugar)

maltose (grain sugar)

Question 21

Polysaccharides

Answer 21

Large polymers

complex carbohydrates

Multiple monomers (rings) are bonded together to form chains of rings

Question 22

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 22

starch (NRG storage in plants)

cellulose (structure in plants – the most abundant organic molecule on Earth!)

glycogen (NRG storage in animals)

Question 23

lipid functions

Answer 23

functions:
- energy storage
- help to insulate the body,
- cushions and protect organs

are hydrophobic –” water fearing”

Question 24

types of lipids

Answer 24

Steroids
Waxes
Oils
Fats

SWOF

Question 25

types of fatty acids

Answer 25

o Unsaturated fatty acids | o Saturated fatty acids

Question 26

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 26

less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (a double bond between carbons) Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquid at room temperature (oils)

Question 27

saturated fatty acids

Answer 27

have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (all single bonds between carbons) Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening = fats)

Question 28

Triglyceride

Answer 28

Composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains Glycerol forms “the backbone” of fat Considered to be a large component of dietary fat

Question 29

Steroids

Answer 29

The carbon skeleton of steroids is bent to form 4-fused rings

Question 30

examples of Waxes

Answer 30

thin layer of coating on leaves and some fruits, honeybee wax, ear wax, etc

Question 31

Protein purpose

Answer 31

used to build cells, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell

Question 32

four types of proteins

Answer 32

Structural, Storage Transport, Contractile (muscular), SSTC

Question 33

what are the monomers which make up proteins

Answer 33

All proteins are polymers made of monomers called AMINO ACIDS, linked in different orders

Question 34

Structure of amino acids

Answer 34

a central carbon with 4 things bonded to it: i. Hydrogen -H ii. Amino group -NH2 iii. Carboxyl group -COOH iv. R group ( side group/radical – this is what defines each amino acid; what makes it unique) ``` ........H .........| A -- C -- carboxyl .........| ........R ```

Question 35

how and why do cells link amino acids together

Answer 35

to make proteins by condensation and a peptide bond forms between each 2 amino acids in a the peptide chain

Question 36

Dipeptide

Answer 36

two amino acids

Question 37

Polypeptide

Answer 37

more than two amino acids

Question 38

what makes up protein

Answer 38

many polypeptide

Question 39

cholesterol

Answer 39

is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids

Question 40

types of steriods

Answer 40

Estrogen and testosterone are also steroids Synthetic Anabolic Steroids are variants of testosterone and cause many adverse problems.

Question 41

monomers that make up nucleic acids

Answer 41

nucleotides

Question 42

what makes up a nucleotide?

Answer 42

5-carbon, sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (? check)

Question 43

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Answer 43

a lipid which has TWO OR MORE double bonds between the carbon atoms.

Question 44

what is an enzyme?

Answer 44

globular proteins which act as catalysts (speeds up reactions without being changed themselves)

Question 45

how do enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions?

Answer 45

by weakening bonds, lowering the amount of activation energy or EA (the initial amount of energy needed to start a reaction) needed for the reaction.

Question 46

what factors affect reaction rate?

Answer 46

temperature pH concentration of enzyme or substrate

Question 47

denaturation

Answer 47

changing the structure of an enzyme (or other protein), usually temporary, so that it can no longer carry out its function. This change may be permanent (coagulation).

Question 48

lock and key enzyme activity

Answer 48

Molecules of the substrate fit the active site and are chemically attracted to it. (kinda like a "perfect fit" I think)

Question 49

Induced fit

Answer 49

The substrate binds to the active site. The enzyme “folds” around the substrate inducing bond strain on the substrate. This bond strain reduces activation energy and reaction proceeds at a faster rate.

Question 50

competitive inhibition

Answer 50

the inhibitor competes for the ACTIVE SITE of the enzyme. A competitive inhibitor occupies the active site temporarily.

Question 51

non-competitive inhibition

Answer 51

the inhibitor binds with the enzyme at a site OTHER THAN THE ACTIVE SITE, alters the shape of the enzyme and inactivates it. Non-competitive inhibition may be reversible.

Question 52

Cofactors

Answer 52

non-protein enzyme helpers

Question 53

coenzymes

Answer 53

organic cofactors

Question 54

where may enzymes be found within the cell?

Answer 54

Grouped into complexes Incorporated into membranes Contained inside organelles