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GENETICS > BIOCHEMISTRY - METABOLISM > Flashcards

BIOCHEMISTRY - METABOLISM Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fatty acid oxidation
TCA cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in which organalle?

A

Mitochondria

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2
Q

Metabolism processes which occur in the Mitochondria?

A

Fatty acid oxidation
TCA cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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3
Q 
Glycolysis
HMP shunt
Cholestrol synthesis
Protein synthesis
Fat synthesis occurs in which organalle?
A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

Metabolism process which occurs in the cytoplasm?

A 
Glycolysis
HMP shunt
Cholestrol synthesis
Protein synthesis
Fat synthesis
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5
Q

Heme synthesis
Gluconeogenesis
Urea cycle occurs in which organalle?

A

Mitochondria and Cytoplasm

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6
Q

Metabolism processes that occur in Mitochondria and Cytoplasm?

A

Heme synthesis
Gluconeogenesis
Urea cycle

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7
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase 1

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8
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Kreb’s cycle

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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9
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate

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10
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Urea cycle

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1

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11
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

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12
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Ketogenesis

A

HMG-CoA synthase

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13
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Cholestrol synthesis

A

HMG-CoA reductase

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14
Q

Net ATP produced by Aerobic metabolism and where?

A

32 (Heart and Liver - via Malate aspartate shuttle)

30 (Muscle - via G3P shuttle)

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15
Q

Net ATP produced by Anaerobic metabolism?

A

2

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16
Q

Anaerobic metabolism occurs where and why?

A

RBCs

Since erythrocytes lack mitochondria

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17
Q

Which substance inhibits ATP production in glycolysis?

A

Arsenic

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18
Q

Name universal electron acceptors

A

NAD+, NADP+, Flavin nucleotides

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19
Q

Location of hexokinase

A

Most tissues (except - liver and pancreas)

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20
Q

Location of glucokinase

A

Liver and Pancreas

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21
Q

Which hormone is Glucokinase dependent on?

A

Insulin

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22
Q

Which enzyme is always active?

A

Hexokinase (since its action is not dependent on Insulin)

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23
Q

A 28-year-old wrestler comes to the clinic for a mandated, pre-competition physical examination and blood test. The patient asks about limiting carbohydrate intake to maintain status in her weight class.
Which of the following has a role in the regulation of the rate-limiting step of carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Citrate (intermediate product of Kreb’s cycle and has a role in regulation of Glycolysis by inhibiting action of phosphofructokinase).

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24
Q

Which enzyme has important role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, as well as in the initiation of the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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25
Q

Which amino acid serves as carrier of amino groups from muscle to liver

A

Alanine

26
Q

What is produced in the Krebs cycle and acts as an electron carrier to the electron transport chain to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

27
Q

What is produced in the first step of glycolysis from glucose, and although this substrate is related to carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate

28
Q

Which is the rate limiting step of Glycolysis?

A

Conversion of Fructose-6-Phosphate to Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate (Step 3 of glycolysis)
Enzyme - Phosphofructokimase-1

29
Q

What occurs in fasting state?

A

Increased - Glucagon, cAMP, Protein Kinase A, FBPase
Reduced - PFK-2
Less glycolysis
More gluconeogenesis

30
Q

What occurs in fed state?

A

Increased - Insulin, PFK-2
Decreased - cAMP, Protein Kinase A, FBPase
More glycolysis
Less gluconeogenesis

31
Q

Fructose-2,6 bisphosphate enyme - seen in?

A

Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

32
Q

Which all inhibit Pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

ATP
NADH
Acetyl CoA
Arsenic

33
Q

Location of Pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

Mitochondria

34
Q

What activates Pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

Increase in NAD+/NADH ratio

Increased - ADP, Calcium

35
Q

Clinical manifestations of Arsenic poisoning

A 
Pigmentay skin changes
Skin cancer
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
QT prolongation (ECG)
Garlic breath
36
Q

Neurological deficit
Lactic acidosis
Increased serum alanine (starts in infancy) seen in?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency

37
Q

Causes of PDH deficiency?

A

Congenital

Acquired - Alcoholics (due to reduced B1)

38
Q

Treatment of PDH deficiency

A

Increased intake of Ketogenic nutrients

e.g - high fat content, increased - lysine and leucine

39
Q

Co-factor of PDH

A

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

40
Q

Where does TCA cycle occur?

A

Mitochondria

41
Q

Co-factors of TCA cycle?

A 
Thiamine
Lipoic acid
CoA
FAD+
NAD+
42
Q

In TCA cycle, ATP inhibits?

A

Citrate synthase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

43
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

44
Q

Which enzyme is present in both Kreb’s cycle and TCA cycle?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

45
Q

Final electron acceptor of Electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen

46
Q

After accepting electrons (in ETC) - oxygen is converted to ___

A

Water

47
Q

Name the electron transport inhibitors?

A

Rotenone
Cyanide
Actinomycin

48
Q

Mechanism of action of Electron transport inhibitors?

A

Reduces proton gradient resulting in ATP synthesis

49
Q

Name a ATP synthase inhibitor?

A

Oligomycin

50
Q

Mechanism of action of ATP synthase inhibitors?

A

Increases proton gradient resulting in stopping of electron transport resulting in no ATP.

51
Q

Name some uncoupling agents?

A

2,4 - Dinitrophenol

Aspirin

52
Q

Deficiency of enzymes in Gluconeogenesis result in?

A

Hypoglycemia

53
Q

Gluconeogenesis does not occur in?

A

Muscles (Since there is no G-6-P)

54
Q

Site of Gluconeogenesis?

A

Intestines
Liver
Kidney

55
Q

Site of pentose hosphate pathway?

A

Cytoplasm

56
Q

Increased activity of Pentose phosphate occurs in?

A

Liver
Adrenal cortex
Lactating mammary glands
RBCs

57
Q

No ATP is used in which pathway?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

58
Q

Prevalence of G6PD deficiency

A

African Americans

Those exposed to Malaria and on anti malarial medication (hemolysis occurs post medication as well)

59
Q

Causes of hemolysis in G6PD ?

A 
Fava beans
Sulfonamides
Nitrofurantoin
Primaquine
Chloroquine
Anti TB drugs
Infection
60
Q

What type of inheritance does G6PD come under?

A

X linked Recessive

GENETICS (4 decks)

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