Biochemistry - Lipids and Carbs Flashcards
What are the types of molecules found in organisms?
Lipids, carbs, proteins, nucleic acids
Features of lipids?
Insoluble in water
Soluble in non-polar organic solvents
What are the two types of lipids?
acylglycerols and phospholipids
Uses for acyglycerols?
Food stores and waterproofing wax.
What are acyglycerols chemically?
they are esters formed from long-chain carboxylic acids and the alcohol glycerol.
What can we call acyglycerol’s carboxylic acids?
The long carboxylic acids are often referred to as fatty acids.
True or false? Esterification can occur at any one or all of the hydroxyl groups?.
True, it produces mono, di and triglycerols.
What are triglycerols?
Long chain fatty acids attach to all three hydroxyl groups.
Out of animal and plant lipids, which are saturated and unsaturated?
Saturated - animal lipids
Unsaturated - Plant lipids.
True or false? A polyunsaturated fatty acid contains more than one carbon-carbon double bond.
Troo.
What is cholesterol?
Four alicyclic hydrocarbon rings fused together.
Where is cholesterol manufactured?
The liver.
What does the body convert cholesterol into?
The body converts it to bile acids and hormones (testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone)
Two facts to do with phospholipids?
- Two of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol are esterified by fatty acids, the third is esterified by phosphoric acids.
- The phosphate group is frequently bound to a nitrogen-containing group.
Regions of the phospholipid bilayer?
- Polar hydrophilic phosphate group.
- Hydrophobic fatty acid chains.
How do phospholipids arrange themselves in water?
- In aqueous environments phospholipids arrange themselves as a double layer called a bilayer.
- The hydrophobic ends point inwards away from the water phase.
What is the fluid mosaic?
- Plasma membranes in cells are phospholipid bilayers.
- Proteins and other molecules float in the bilayer.
- This forms a fluid mosaic.
- The extremely flexible structure houses all of the molecules responsible for the complex functions of the membrane.
What are acyglycerols?
Fats, oils and waxes consisting of glycerol esterified with fatty acids.
What are phospholipids?
Phospholipids are diacylglycerols with a phosphate group attached to the third hydroxyl group of the glycerol molecule.
What classifies monosaccharides?
They are not hydrolysed by hydrochloric acid.
What can monosaccharides link together to form?
Disaccharides.
What’s the molecular formula for glucose and fructose?
C6H12O6
Both glucose and fructose are 6 carbons long so are called hexones.
Yeah.
Different names for different monosaccharides with different carbon numbers?
Three carbons are called trioses,
four are tetroses,
five are pentoses
Why do monosaccharides dissolve easily in water?
Due to the presence of a large number of polar hydroxyl groups – which hydrogen bond with water molecules.
How are disaccharides formed and examples?
- Formed by two monosaccharides joining together through a condensation reaction.
- Lactose and sucrose
What link joins monosaccharides together? And how is the link made?
- Glycosidic link/bond.
- This link is made by the reaction between the carbonyl group of one group and the hydroxyl group of another.
The carbons on each monosaccharide off of which the bond it formed between are the carbons forming the glycosidic link.
True stuff.
