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Anatomy and Physiology 12 > Biochemistry II > Flashcards

Biochemistry II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure and function of starch?

A
  • Polymer of glucose.
    -Relatively straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches.
    -Joined by alpha 1-4 (C-O-C bonds), which are formed in the process dehydration synthesis.
    -The Os in the C-O-C bond do not alternate.
    -Found in plants.
    -Energy storage in plants. Ex. Potatoes and corn
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2
Q

What are the 4 types of polysaccharides?

A
  • Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.
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3
Q

What are polysaccharides? Describe the structure.

A
  • Consist of 3 or more monosaccharides, which are linked by dehydration synthesis.
  • Polysaccharides are macromolecules and consist of monomers and are described as polymers.
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4
Q

Give three examples of disaccharides, components, and function.

A

1.) Maltose - glucose + glucose, energy storage in cells.
2.) Sucrose - glucose + fructose, energy storage and transport in plants.
3.) Lactose - glucose + galactose, energy storage in cells.

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5
Q

What is the primary function of disaccharides? Why?

A

-Energy storage, this is because the bonds are broken without using too much energy.

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6
Q

What are disaccharides? Describe the structure.

A
  • A disaccharide consists of two units of monosaccharides.
    -The monosaccharides are bonded by a weak covalent bond (C-O-C) by dehydration synthesis.
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7
Q

What are the functions of monosaccharides?

A

1.) Primary energy source for cells (especially glucose).
2.) Building blocks for disaccharides and polysaccharides.

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8
Q

What are the three six carbon sugars (hexose)?

A
  • Glucose, galactose, and fructose.
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9
Q

Deoxyribose - Type of sugar? Number of carbons? Function?

A

Deoxyribose - Pentose sugar, 5 carbons, and important structural component of DNA.

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10
Q

Ribose - Type of sugar? Number of carbons? Function?

A
  • Pentose sugar, 5 carbons, and important structural component for RNA.
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11
Q

Glucose - Type of sugar? Number of carbons? Function?

A
  • Hexose sugar, 6 carbons, and primary energy source for cells.
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12
Q

What is a monosaccharide? Describe the structure?

A

-A monosaccharide consists of one sugar unit and cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis.
- It is 3-7 C in size. They may be organized linearly or in a ring structure.

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13
Q

What are the monomers of proteins, starch, fats, and DNA + RNA (nucleic acids)?

A
  • Amino acids, simple sugars (glucose), and fatty acids.
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14
Q

Define chemical work.

A

Energy needed for exothermic reactions.

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15
Q

Define transport work

A
  • Moving certain molecules against the concentration gradient.
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16
Q

Define mechanical work.

A
  • Processes which involve movement.
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17
Q

Why does hydrolysis of ATP release considerable energy?

A
  • This is due to ATP’s structure. The electronic repulsion due to the like charges of the three negative phosphates being crowded together makes that part of ATP unstable, therefore reactive.
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18
Q

Describe the function of ATP?

A

-ATP is the energy currency of the cell. This is because it has significant amounts of readily accessible energy stored in it’s structure. It provides the energy necessary for endothermic cell reactions and processes.

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19
Q

Give examples of cellular work?

A

-Mechanical Work - Muscle Contraction
-Transport Work - Exocytosis
-Chemical Work - DNA Replication

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20
Q

Why is ATP considered a nucleotide?

A
  • It contains the same 3 components, a 5 carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and phosphate groups.
21
Q

Describe the ATP cycle.

A

-ATP is continually being used by cells to provide energy for cell reactions. Therefore, ATP needs to be continually reformed. When ATP hydrolysis into ADP + Pi. Water breaks the high energy phosphate, bonds, which result in a phosphate group being released and transferred to another molecule, activating it and allowing cellular work to occur. In order for ATP to reform the energy comes from aerobic cellular respiration. The energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to convert ADP + Pi into ATP.

22
Q

How does ATP perform cellular work?

A

-The energy of ATP hydrolysis is couple to an endothermic process for transferring a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule. This is called phosphorylation. The phosphorylated molecule is more reactive (less stable). It done undergoes a change that performs cellular work.

23
Q

What is the structure and function of glycogen?

A

-Polymer of glucose.
-Consist of a highly branched chain of glucose molecules, which are joined by alpha 1-4 bonds (C-O-C) bonds which are formed in the process of dehydration synthesis.
-Found in animals.
-Functions of short-term energy storage and animals. (Stored in muscles and liver).

24
Q

What is the structure and function of cellulose?

A

-Polymer of glucose.
-Consists of a straight chain of glucose molecules, no side branching, straight chains form cellulose fibers.
-glucose monomers, and cellulose are joined by beta 1-4 (C-O-C bonds), which are formed in the process of dehydration synthesis.
-Found in plants.
-It is an important structural component in plant cell walls. The presence of cellulose within the cell wall provides a plant cell with strength and support.

25
Q

What are the three major types of lipids?

A

-neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

26
Q

Describe the structure of neutral fats.

A

-Nonpolar, therefore insoluble in water.
-Consist of molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids.
-fatty acids consist of a long hydrocarbon chain, ending in a carboxylic group. In cells, most fatty acids contain between 16 to 18 carbon atoms.
-triglycerides are formed by three dehydration, synthesis reactions. Three fatty acid molecules combine with one glycerol molecule to form a triglyceride or neutral fat.

27
Q

What are the two types of fatty acid?

A

-Saturated fats and unsaturated fats.

28
Q

Describe the structure and characteristics of saturated fats.

A

-consists of the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.
-there are no hydrogen bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain, the lack of double bond produces a relatively straight molecule as a result saturated fatty acids come to be tightly packed together.
-Saturated fat consist of saturated fatty acids.
-They’re typically solid at room, temperature and derived from animal sources.
-examples include butter and animal fats.

29
Q

What is the structure and characteristics of saturated fats?

A

-Saturated fats consists of the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
-there are no hydrogen bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain, the lack of double bond produces a relatively straight molecule. As a result, saturated fatty acids are tightly packed together.
-saturated fat consist of saturated fatty acids.
-They are typically solid at room, temperature and drive from animal sources.
-Examples include butter and animal fats.

30
Q

What is the structure and characteristics of unsaturated fats?

A

-Unsaturated fatty acids contain less than the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.
-Double bonds occur between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain, wherever there are fewer than two hydrogen atoms per carbon atom.
-The presence of a double bumper just bent molecule as a result unsaturated fatty acids are not packed tightly closer together.
-Unsaturated fats causes of unsaturated fatty acid.
-They are typically liquids at room temperature, and derived from plants sources.
-examples unsaturated fats include olive oil, sunflower, oil, and vegetable oil.

31
Q

What is the function of neutral fats?

A

-major long-term energy storage in animals.
-neutral fats are also important insulation for animals that live in cold regions.

32
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids?

A

-phospholipids consists of one glycerol joint of two fatty acids. The third fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group. The phosphate group is in turn attached to a nitrogen containing group.
-Fatty acids and phosphate groups are attached to the glycerol molecule by three dehydration, synthesis reactions.

33
Q

What are the functions of phospholipids?

A

-phospholipids are the major structural component of the cell membrane.
-In the presence of water phospholipids arranged themselves into a phospholipid by layer. This is the structure of the cell membrane..
-In the phospholipid bilayer the polar phosphate heads face outward in contact with a watery cytoplasm extra cellular fluid. Non-polar fatty acid tails face in word avoiding contact with water.

34
Q

What is a structure of steroids?

A

-they are recognized by four rings.
-Steroids consist of four fused carbon rings.
-different steroids have different functional groups attached to them. A functional group is a characteristic arrangement of atoms within a molecule about determine the important chemical and physical properties of the compound. Ex. OH (hydroxyl), COOH (carboxylic), and CH3 (methyl).
-The position of double bonds within the rings of the steroids may vary.

35
Q

What are the functions of steroids?

A

-The steroid cholesterol is used to make other steroids. Cholesterol helps stabilize the cell membrane.
-The sex hormones, testosterone oestrogen and progesterone are steroid hormones. I’ll have a fax on sexual characteristics and reproduction.
-Aldosterone is a steroid hormone which helps to control, sodium levels and blood pressure.
-cortisol is a steroid hormone which helps in the recovered from physical stress and reduces the inflammatory response.

36
Q

What do lipids consist of?

A

-CHONP
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and some contain small amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus.
-The ratio of hydrogen atoms to auction items is higher in lipids than in carbohydrates.

37
Q

What do carbohydrates consists of? What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms?

A

-CH2O
-contain only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
-2 H atoms: 1O atom, just like water.

38
Q

What does the R group determine?

A

-It determines the identity of the amino acid.

39
Q

What determines proteins function?

A

-it is a structure of the program which determines its function.

40
Q

What is the definition of primary structure and the stabilizing bonds?

A

-determined by the linear sequence of amino acids.
-Stabilize by peptide bonds.

41
Q

What is the definition of secondary structure and what are the stabilizing bonds?

A

-The repeated folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain.
-An alpha helix shape forms due hydrogen bonds between every fourth amino acid, which results in the cooling of the amino acid chain.
-beta pleated sheets form, when two or more regions of polypeptide chains are line parallel to one another. These are connected by hydrogen bonds.
-Stabilize by hydrogen bonds.

42
Q

What is the definition of the tertiary structure? What is it stabilized by?

A

-It is the final three-dimensional shape of a protein. It occurs due to the secondary structure, folding upon its off due to interactions between the R-groups, the protein folds into a highly specific three-dimensional shape.
-stabilized by covalent ionic and hydrogen bonds. As well as hydrophobic interactions between our groups of amino acids.
-Vander walls attractions also help maintain the 3D shape.

43
Q

What is the quaternary structure? What are the stabilizing bonds?

A

-The quaternary structure occurs when two or more polypeptide chains combine to form one large stable proteins.
-Stabilize by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions.

44
Q

What is denaturing?

A

-Anything that alters the 3D shape of a protein after the formation.
-Denaturation is the loss of a protein’s shape or structure.

45
Q

What affect does heat have on proteins?

A

-Heat increases molecular speed which break hydrogen bonds, and ultimately changes 3D shape.

46
Q

How do pH extremes affect a protein?

A

-The addition of hydrogen ions can change attraction of our groups and can cause ionization of NH2 or COOH.
-A change in hydrogen ion concentration can also change interactions between the are groups of amino acids, which will change the shape of the enzyme, and ultimately affect its function.

47
Q

How do pH extremes affect proteins?

A

-an increase in hydrogen ion. Concentration can change the attraction of our groups and can cause ionization of NH2 or COOH.
-A change and hydrogen ion concentration can also change interactions between the are groups of amino acids, which will change the shape of the enzyme, and ultimately affect its function.

48
Q

How do heavy metals affect proteins?

A

-heavy metals are so big that when they attach to proteins the distort the entire molecular shape. Ex. Lead and Mercury.

Anatomy and Physiology 12 (4 decks)

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