Biochemistry Enzymes (P1)

Question 1

Organic structural forms

Answer 1

• Made up of a carbon backbone
• All carbon chains are organic

Question 2

macromolecules

Answer 2

Made up of Proteins, Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates and Lipids

Question 3

Carbohydrates

Answer 3

• Contains Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
• Always ends with “Ose”
• Directly obtained by plants

Question 4

Polysaccharides

Answer 4

Made up of many monosaccharides, these are connected to a dehydration synthesis reaction

Question 5

Lipids

Answer 5

• Consists of glycerol (a 3-carbon chain) aswell of fatty acids
• Insoluble in water

Question 6

The functions of lipids

Answer 6

• Is a storage of energy for when the body glycerin levels are low
• Cushions delicate organs
• Carries the fat soluble vitamins: A,D,E,K
• Makes up the bodies sex hormones
• Is used as insulation
• Increases buoyancy in some organs

Question 7

Triglycerides

Answer 7

• True fats and oils
• Due to water being released there is a process called dehydration synthesis

Question 8

Phospholipids

Answer 8

• Make up the lipid bilayer inside of the membrane
• Have different proportions on each side

Question 9

Waxes

Answer 9

• Protective layer on the outer layer of the bodies
• Formed by dehydration synthesis

Question 10

Steroids

Answer 10

• Responsible for making different types of hormones
• Creates good and bad cholesterol

Question 11

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 11

When 2 molecules are joined together creating a larger molecule and releasing water in the process

Question 12

Proteins

Answer 12

• Formed from tiny amino acids molecules put together in chains
• The amino acids vary due to their R chains
• Different R groups can cause different shaped in proteins such as coiling or twisting
• All proteins are polymers made up of amino acids called monomers
• If a molecule contains 3 to 300 amino acids its called polypeptides
• More then 300 amino acids are proteins

Question 13

Protein Synthesis

Answer 13

• The human body is capable of synthesizing 2 of the 20 amino acids
• The others must be obtained from the diet

Question 14

Denaturation

Answer 14

The temporary change in protein shape. Caused by additional, hear, PH or chemicals.

Question 15

Coagulation

Answer 15

The permanent change in the protein shape. Caused by excessive heat, Ph or chemicals

Question 16

Deamination

Answer 16

The removal of amino acids from the protein or polypeptide chain. Natural during digestion

Question 17

Nucleic Acid

Answer 17

• Made up of DNA and RNA
• Contains

Question 18

Biochemistry of Nucleic Acid

Answer 18

• Made up of monomers called nucleotides
• Made up of 3 parts:
  [A 5-Carbon Sugar
  [Phosphate Molecule
  [Nitrogen Containing Base

Question 19

DNA

Answer 19

• Contains a sugar phosphate back bone (Same in all organisms)

Question 20

Enzymes

Answer 20

Are proteins and biological catalysts increasing reaction rates by reducing the amount of energy required to start a reaction. Lowers the amount of activation energy required in order to make reactions take place easier and faster in lower temperature.

Question 21

What ae factors influencing enzyme reactions?

Answer 21

• Temperature
• PH
• Enzyme concentration
• Co enzyme and Co factor concentration
• State Concentration
• Product concentration
• Competitive and Non-Competitive inhibitor concentration

Question 22

Temperature

Answer 22

Enzymes prefer a temperature of roughly 37 Degrees celcius where they perform optimally the best

Question 23

PH

Answer 23

• Most enzymes operate the best at a neutral PH
• An over fluctuation of PH will denature the enzyme

Question 24

Enzyme concentration

Answer 24

Large amounts of the enzyme activation leads to an increase of turnover numbers, ultimately creating a higher chance of substrates joining up with an enzyme

Question 25

Co-Enzyme and Co-Factor Concentration

Answer 25

The more there are the higher the enzyme reactions occur due to the ability to re-alter active sites so that new substrates can be worked on

Question 26

Substrate Concentration

Answer 26

More substrates = increased enzyme rates

Question 27

Allosteric site

Answer 27

The place on an enzyme where a molecule that’s not a substrate may bind changing the shape and influencing if its active or not

Question 28

Product Concentration

Answer 28

• More products = Increased Enzyme rates
• The mechanism occurring is called feedback inhibition giving a result of negative feedback
• Products are capable of acting as cellosteric inhibitors due to allosteric site of an enzyme stopping enzyme function

Question 29

Competitive inhibitors

Answer 29

These are non substrates and the substances that resemble substrates but aren’t them. Binds to the active site of to prevent substrates from being worked on

Question 30

Non-Competatice Inhibitors

Answer 30

• Binds to the enzyme at a location that isn’t the active site
• Alters protein shape of active sight so true substrates cannot get in