Biochemistry Chp. 2&3

Question 0

Covalent bond

Answer 0

Bond caused by sharing of electrons.
Most organic matter (carbon containing) have these kinds of bonds.
Can be polar and non polar.

Question 1

Isotopes

Answer 1

Unstable isotopes.
Have uneven amount of protons and neutrons.
Nuclei break down at constant rate, giving off radiation.

Question 2

Functional groups

Answer 2

Small groups of molecules that change the characteristics of the macromolecules they bond with.

Ex: hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups

Question 3

Ionic bonds

Answer 3

One atom loses an electron (becomes a cation), and the other gains an electron (becoming an anion). The positive cation and negative cation attract.
Nondirectional.

Question 4

Energy

Answer 4

Ability to do work.

Question 5

Chemical reaction

Answer 5

One or more substances change to produce a different substance.

Question 6

Oxidation reaction

Answer 6

An atom loses an electron to become positive. (Always paired with reduction reaction)

Question 7

Reduction reaction

Answer 7

Atom gains an electron and becomes negative.

Always paired with oxidation reaction

Question 8

Polar molecules

Answer 8

Result of unequal sharing of valence electrons.

Question 9

Non polar molecules

Answer 9

Molecules are the result of equal sharing of valence electrons.

Question 10

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 10

Result of weak electrical attractions between hydrogen atoms and larger atoms of polar molecules. (Because the hydrogen in water is also polar)
Weak bonds

Question 11

Adhesion

Answer 11

Attraction between DIFFERENT substances. Ex: Water molecules and the molecules of solid surfaces are attracted to each other.

Question 12

Cohesion

Answer 12

Attraction of same molecules.

Causes water to “bead up” because the atoms are attracted to each other.

Question 13

Solution

Answer 13

Two or more substances combine, and the molecules of the substance are equally mixed.

Question 14

Suspension

Answer 14

Mixture containing non dissolved particles distributed in a solid, liquid, or gas, but settle over time. (You can see the particles)

Question 15

Colloids

Answer 15

A suspension in which the particles do not settle over time, but exist in a gel or sol state. Ex:cytoplasm, jello

Sol state is a liquid state
Gel state is a semi-solid state

Question 16

Buffers

Answer 16

Dissolved compounds that help prevent sharp, sudden swings of pH, taking up or releasing ions as needed. Helps regulate acids and bases, adjusting the levels as per appropriate.

Carbonic acid and bicarbonate are important buffers inside humans.

Question 17

What properties of carbon make it unique?

Answer 17

• has 4 valence electrons
• can form up to 4 bonds
• carbon can bind to other carbon
• can bond and make different shaped molecules

Question 18

4 types of organic macromolecules

Answer 18

Carbohydrates (Cho), lipids (cho), proteins (chon), nucleic acids (chonp)

Question 19

Dehydration synthesis /Condensation reaction

Answer 19

Binds molecules together, but releases H2O. 1 monomer loses hydrogen, and one loses hydroxide (OH), forming H2O

Question 20

Hydration synthesis/ hydrolysis

Answer 20

Splits large molecules into 2 or more smaller molecules. One monomer will gain a hydrogen, and one gains OH. As a result, monomers gain or store energy.

Question 21

Carbohydrates

Answer 21

-most end in “-ose”
- monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharides
Contain C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1
Basic formula is C6H12 O6

Question 22

Monosaccharide

Answer 22

Monomer for carbs
Glucose- found in animal blood. Also produced by plants during photosynthesis

Referred to as hexoses, they create hexagon shapes.
Fructose- sweet, found in fruit

Galactose-usually in combo with f and g, found in milk.

Question 23

Isomer

Answer 23

Same chemical formula, different structure.

Question 24

Disaccharides

Answer 24

Sucrose- fructose + galactose, transparent in plants

Lactose- glucose + galactose, milk

Maltose- glucose + glucose, forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion

Question 25

Polysaccharides

Answer 25

Glycogen- animals store glucose in this form, has 100s of molecules, used for short term energy

Starch- plants store glucose in this form, may be 1000s of molecules long in straight or branched chains.

Question 26

Proteins

Answer 26

Polypeptides made of amino acids. Contain C, H, N, and O

Formed by linkage of amino acids in peptide bonds.

Question 27

Dipeptides

Answer 27

2 amino acids bonded by peptide bonds. One amino group releases hydrogen, and the carboxyl group releases OH.

Question 28

Structural protein

Answer 28

Collagen found in tendons and ligaments, keratin in horns, feathers, nails.