Biochemistry Chp. 2&3 Flashcards
Covalent bond
Bond caused by sharing of electrons.
Most organic matter (carbon containing) have these kinds of bonds.
Can be polar and non polar.
Isotopes
Unstable isotopes.
Have uneven amount of protons and neutrons.
Nuclei break down at constant rate, giving off radiation.
Functional groups
Small groups of molecules that change the characteristics of the macromolecules they bond with.
Ex: hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups
Ionic bonds
One atom loses an electron (becomes a cation), and the other gains an electron (becoming an anion). The positive cation and negative cation attract.
Nondirectional.
Energy
Ability to do work.
Chemical reaction
One or more substances change to produce a different substance.
Oxidation reaction
An atom loses an electron to become positive. (Always paired with reduction reaction)
Reduction reaction
Atom gains an electron and becomes negative.
Always paired with oxidation reaction
Polar molecules
Result of unequal sharing of valence electrons.
Non polar molecules
Molecules are the result of equal sharing of valence electrons.
Hydrogen bonds
Result of weak electrical attractions between hydrogen atoms and larger atoms of polar molecules. (Because the hydrogen in water is also polar)
Weak bonds
Adhesion
Attraction between DIFFERENT substances. Ex: Water molecules and the molecules of solid surfaces are attracted to each other.
Cohesion
Attraction of same molecules.
Causes water to “bead up” because the atoms are attracted to each other.
Solution
Two or more substances combine, and the molecules of the substance are equally mixed.
Suspension
Mixture containing non dissolved particles distributed in a solid, liquid, or gas, but settle over time. (You can see the particles)
Colloids
A suspension in which the particles do not settle over time, but exist in a gel or sol state. Ex:cytoplasm, jello
Sol state is a liquid state
Gel state is a semi-solid state
Buffers
Dissolved compounds that help prevent sharp, sudden swings of pH, taking up or releasing ions as needed. Helps regulate acids and bases, adjusting the levels as per appropriate.
Carbonic acid and bicarbonate are important buffers inside humans.
What properties of carbon make it unique?
- has 4 valence electrons
- can form up to 4 bonds
- carbon can bind to other carbon
- can bond and make different shaped molecules
4 types of organic macromolecules
Carbohydrates (Cho), lipids (cho), proteins (chon), nucleic acids (chonp)
Dehydration synthesis /Condensation reaction
Binds molecules together, but releases H2O. 1 monomer loses hydrogen, and one loses hydroxide (OH), forming H2O
Hydration synthesis/ hydrolysis
Splits large molecules into 2 or more smaller molecules. One monomer will gain a hydrogen, and one gains OH. As a result, monomers gain or store energy.
Carbohydrates
-most end in “-ose”
- monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharides
Contain C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1
Basic formula is C6H12 O6
Monosaccharide
Monomer for carbs
Glucose- found in animal blood. Also produced by plants during photosynthesis
Referred to as hexoses, they create hexagon shapes.
Fructose- sweet, found in fruit
Galactose-usually in combo with f and g, found in milk.
Isomer
Same chemical formula, different structure.
Disaccharides
Sucrose- fructose + galactose, transparent in plants
Lactose- glucose + galactose, milk
Maltose- glucose + glucose, forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion
Polysaccharides
Glycogen- animals store glucose in this form, has 100s of molecules, used for short term energy
Starch- plants store glucose in this form, may be 1000s of molecules long in straight or branched chains.
Proteins
Polypeptides made of amino acids. Contain C, H, N, and O
Formed by linkage of amino acids in peptide bonds.
Dipeptides
2 amino acids bonded by peptide bonds. One amino group releases hydrogen, and the carboxyl group releases OH.
Structural protein
Collagen found in tendons and ligaments, keratin in horns, feathers, nails.
