Biochemistry & cells Flashcards
The respiratory system is the site of gas exchange in organisms. Which of the following correctly describes the gas exchange process?
The gas exchanged is oxygen entering the blood and carbon dioxide is removed.
Identify the reactant(s) in the chemical reaction: CO2 + H2O → H2CO3.
CO2 and H2O
What’s true about macromolecules
a. Starch is an example of a polysaccharide.
b. Monomers are the building blocks that make-up polymers.
d. Each macromolecule plays a different role in organisms.
What are the 4 macromolecules: monomer, functions, types/examples
d. CARBOHYDRATES
- Monomer: monosaccharides
- Function: quickest/primary source of energy
- Types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and glucose
b PROTEINS
- Monomer: amino acids
- Functions:
- –makes up muscle tissues
- –helps cell keep their shape
- –some transport items in/out of the cell
- –some act as signals/other receivers
- –working in the immune system
- –acting as enzymes
- Types: enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin,
a. LIPIDS:
- Monomer: fatty acids and glycerol
- Functions:
- –great provider of insulation
- –long-term energy storage
- –make-up cell membranes
- Types: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
c. NUCLEIC ACIDS
- Monomer: nucleotide and polynucleotide
- Functions: store genetic info, coding of traits
- Types: DNA and RNA
If available, the body will always prefer which macromolecule for energy first?
Carbohydrates
Which of the macromolecules are used as energy storage because they store twice as much energy (calories per gram)?
Lipids
Which of the macromolecules are known as the “blueprint of life” because they store and transmit genetic information?
Nucleic acids
Which macromolecule has the most functions in the cell, such as muscle building and immunity?
Proteins
ist the parts of the digestive tract in the proper order.
mouth/salivary glands→ esophagus→stomach→ small intestine→ large intestine →rectum→ anus
+3 friends of the small intestine-
- pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
- they send an array of different juices to the first part of the small intestine to help digest food and allow the body to absorb the nutrients.
In which acidic digestive organ does protein digestion take place ?
Stomach-in stomach muscular stomach wall starts breaking down protein with acids
What is composed of many simple sugar molecules bonded together?
carbohydrates
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
Enzymes definition+function+sensitivity
enzymes: type of protein that speeds up (catalyze) biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
Function: bind to reactant (substrates) & break or form bonds; release a newly created product
Sensitivity to the environment: temperature and pH change shape (denture) the shape of active-site so the substrate no longer fits
3 enzyme rules
1) each enzyme has an active sight
2) enzymes are precisely shaped for one specific substrate.
3) enzymes are recycled/reuses (after finishing one reaction they can act on another substrate)
Label the parts of the enzyme reaction. *can’t insert photo”
label: substrate/reactant, enzyme, 2 products, (know how to label active site too)
- label with lactose/lactase for better understanding
substrate/reactant: disaccharide (2)–lactose
enzyme: never changes, larger circle with part missing where active sight is—–lactase
2 products: what looks like when breaks into two—glucose&galactose
(know how to label active site too)
Prokaryotes, in comparison to eukaryotes, do not have_____
a nucleus or membrane-bound cells.
What are found in ALL cell types?
CRCG
Cell membrane, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
What are the functions of the following organelles: ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuole.
Ribosomes: Percy Weasley–Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein that produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from DNA.
Nucleus: Ministry of Magic–holds genetic (DNA) code of the cell; (coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules)
Mitochondria: Harry Potter– Gives the organelle’s energy to do their jobs, where food is broken down during cellular respiration so ATP can be released to be used by the cell
Chloroplast: Weasley Twins–takes energy from sunlight and makes it into food (glucose), which is chemical energy. This chemical energy is reusable for the cell.
Vacuole:Room of Requirement– storage container for water, nutrients, waste (1 structure for plant, numerous for animal)
Compare/ contrast: Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes; Animal cells versus Plant cells
The cell membrane, excretory system and respiratory system help maintain _______, where internal body conditions must be carefully balanced with regard to nutrients, water, and waste
-homeostasis
The cell membrane, excretory system and respiratory system help maintain homeostasis, where internal body conditions must be carefully balanced with regard to nutrients, water, and waste
What are 3 functions of the cell membrane? Describe the term “selectively permeable”
1) Allows some substances to cross more easily than other substances.
2) Helps maintain balance in the cell (homeostasis).
3) Protects and supports the cell
Selectively permeable: this means that only certain molecules can pass through the membrane freely. Regulates what goes in and out of the cell.
Fill in the blank: Water, through osmosis, diffuses from areas of __ concentrations to ______
Water, through osmosis, diffuses from areas of high concentrations to low concentrations.
Osmosis(passive transport) - the movement of water across the cell membranes
Compare the types of transport across the membrane. *insert photo
1) Passive transport- high to low-level concentration, energy not needed
- simple diffusion: no protein
- facilitated diffusion: protein
2) Active transport- low to high-level concentration, (ATP) energy needed
- active transport pump: protein
- Bulk transport: protein
Compare the types of transport across the membrane. *insert photo
1) Passive transport- high to low-level concentration, energy not needed
- simple diffusion: no protein
- facilitated diffusion: protein
2) Active transport- low to high-level concentration, (ATP) energy needed
- Active transport pump: protein
- Bulk transport: no protein
The primary function of the excretory system is to ____.
The primary function of the excretory system is to filter the blood to remove waste.
Which of the accessory organs of the digestive system produce and store enzymes and bile which help in digesting foods?
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
the reaction happened spontaneously, therefore the chemical reaction
releases energy and is exothermic
