Biochemistry & Blood Chemistry Flashcards

Question

Amino acid oxidation Where are AA released from? What are the two pathways they’re used in?

Answer 1

Released from muscle Enters TCA cycle, when used in gluconeogenesis turns into glucose (glucogenic AA’s) or enter ketogenesis which creates ketone bodies (ketogenic amino acids)

Answer 2

Can’t cross mitochondrial membrane so ACYL group attached to carnitine (ACYL CARNITINE, active FA this is the “activate” step) and crosses OMM via CAT1 then IMM via protein transporter ACYL carnitine translocase and enter mitochondria (this is the “transport” step), carnitine goes back to cytoplasm and we’re left with acetyl CoA and ACYL CoA after oxidation takes place (“oxidation” step

Answer 3

After beta ox Substrates = acetyl CoA from oxidation of FA or oxidation of ketogenic AA

Answer 4

AKA phytonutrients Compounds produced by plants that provide health benefits to the body These bioactive compounds are produced by plants for their protection against stress & predators. In many cases, a higher stress environment for the plants will actually results in higher concentrations of these phytochemicals (may be why organic foods have higher levels of certain phytochemicas) Most have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds

Answer 5

Anthocyanins - berries, red wine (most purple/blue/black foods) Proanthocyanins - fresh grapes, red wine, and other dark pigmented fruits like cranberries, black currant, elderberry Phenolic compounds (think spices/herbs) - oregano, rosemary, cinnamon, clove, turmeric Flavones - green olives Flavanols (AKA Flavan-3-ols) & catechins (ca-TEA-chins) - chocolate, tea, grapes - green tea especially rich in the catechins EGCG!! REMEMBER!!) Flavonols - quercetin found in apples, oats, citrus fruits (known for helping to stabilize mast cells and can use used with histamine intolerance Isoflavones - geinstein found in soybeans and soy products (remember this one!!)

Answer 6

Sulfides & thiols - found in onions, garlic, leeks, olives, scallions Isothiocyanates - sulforaphane, found in cruciferous veg like broccoli, cabbage, kale, rich in broccoli sprouts Indoles - I3C (Indole-3-carbinol) - derived from breakdown of glucobrassicin found in cruciferous veg. Once in stomach I3C can produce DIM - I3C & DIM have anti-estrogenic activities

Answer 7

Lycopene (red/pink) - tomatoes, watermelon, sweet potato, pink grapefruit, pink guava, apricot, rosehip Beta-carotene (orange) - carrots, sweet potato (remember beta-c is a precursor to vit A; there’s a genetic SNP that modulates conversion of beta-c to active vit A Lutein & Zeaxanthin (both found in yellow & green foods, remember by thinking you can’t make green w/o yellow!) - corn, yellow peppers, Yukon gold potatoes, green leafy veg like kale, parsley, spinach Remember carotenoids are fat soluble!!

Answer 8

MCH (average amt of Hb in a singular RBC) MCHC - amount of Hb concentrated in a volume of RBCs when high [macrocytic anemia] possibly b12/b9 anemia. Body producing abnormally large RBC that have high levels of Hb b/c body isn’t getting enough b12/b9 (or have condition that prevents body from absorbing them) - You have fewer total RBCs, which causes anemia - the ones you do have are extra large and packed with hemoglobin because their outer part couldn’t divide normally. when low (microcytic) body isn’t making enough hemoglobin - possibly iron anemia (maybe high blood loss?), b6 anemia, need for vit C

Answer 9

MCV - measures average size of your RBCs when high (macrocytic anemia) possibly b12/folate deficiency/anemia, pernicious anemia When low (microcytic anemia) - iron deficiency anemia, b6 deficiency anemia

Answer 10

iron: measures total amount of iron in liquid portion of the blood, nearly all of which is bound to transferrin (the bus). Serum iron can be thought of as the passengers on the buses. Ferritin: storage form of iron. Ferritin is the number of passengers waiting at the bus stop. Decreased serum ferritin serves as an early sign of declining stores of body iron and can be a highly sensitive marker for iron-deficiency anemia. Transferrin. The iron transport protein. Transferrin is the bus Each transferrin has 2 binding sites (2 doors on the bus?) TIBC (total iron-binding capacity): the amount of transferrin in your blood that's available to attach to iron. This could be thought of as the total number of seats on all the buses, full or empty and waiting for iron to hitch a ride. UIBC (unsaturated iron-binding capacity): unsaturated is another way of saying empty - these are the portions of transferrin that are not currently bound to iron. UIBC could be thought of as the UNFILLED seats on the bus. We don’t see this marker very frequently on lab results anymore

Answer 11

B6 - usually presents as microcytic (small RBCs) and hypochromic (pale color) anemia, B6 essential for heme synthesis (process of creating RBCs) NOTE iron is the most common cause of microcytic anemia - docs will almost always rule out IDA first in all types of anemia B9/b12 - usually presents as macrocytic or Megaloblastic anemia (large RBCs) B12 - pernicious anemia (autoimmune condition that attacks IF which is required to break b12 off from food for absorption)

Answer 12

Serum 25-hydroxy Vit D3 (25-OH2, D3)

Answer 13

Remember, calcium is mostly stored in the bone. SO when levels in blood are high, it means its being pulled from the bones… High serum Ca++ can indicate excess vit D intake High serum phosphorus needs to be balanced by calcium and can pull calcium from bones to balance it out *PTH regulates serum Ca++ and phosphorus concentrations (sometimes used as marker for calcium status)

Answer 14

HbA1c, glucose, fasting insulin, TGs (increase with high intake of simple sugars/fructose), HDL (can decrease with high refined CHO intake)

Answer 15

BUN - waste product that kidneys filter out of blood and remove through urine. Represents amount of nitrogen produced from metabolism of proteins - more sensitive to hydration, protein intake, and liver function Creatinine - waste product that kidneys filter out of blood and remove through urine. A normal waste product of muscle - reflects muscle mass & kidney filtration BUN/Creatinine - renal function indicator, commonly used to diagnose acute or CKD or damage; in healthy people BUN is higher. When HIGH could be dehydration, high protein intake. LOW could be low protein intake/malnutrition, over hydration, advanced kidney disease, liver disease

Answer 16

*Primarily liver enzyme* Zinc & Vit C deficiency Excessive Vit D

Answer 17

Molybdenum and copper deficiency, b12/folate anemia waste product your body makes when it breaks down purines, which are natural substances found in your body’s cells & certain foods (like red meat, seafood, alcohol, and sugary drinks—especially those with high-fructose corn syrup

Answer 18

Main protein in your blood made by liver HIGH - dehydration LOW - alcoholism, malnutrition, IR, need for vit C

Answer 19

Metabolites that can help shine light on various things happening in the body. Typical ally look at a urine test but some can be blood

Answer 20

MMA is an organic acid that can be assessed in blood and is ordered to provide a more accurate picture of B12 status B12 is nutrient cofactor required for MMA to be converted to succinyl CoA If MMA is high that can tell us we aren’t able to convert MMA to succinyl CoA (usually d/t inadequate b12). Even when we have robust levels of serum b12, if MMA is elevated, that b12 isn’t being activated and used properly

Biochemistry & Blood Chemistry Flashcards

(44 cards)