Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology, Immunology and Toxicology > Biochemistry and Urinalysis > Flashcards

Biochemistry and Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of clinical pathology tests…

A 
Haematology
Clotting profile
Biochemistry
Urinalysis
Cytology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is biochemistry used for?

A

Evaluating different organ systems

Measuring enzymes, metabolites, electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is serum recommended for most biochemical tests rather than plasma?

A

Anticoagulants in plasma can interfere with some tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between serum and plasma?

A

Plasma contains all clotting factors including fibrogen, where as serum is fluid after clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How would you collect serum?

A

Collect blood intro tubes without anti-coagulatants (brown/red top)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How would you separate serum?

A 
Allow blood to clot and remove serum
Centrifuge
Serum separator tube
Separate immediately if possible
Store in fridge at 4deg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How would you collect plasma?

A

Collect from blood into EDTA, heparin or citrate
Blood won’t clot so need to separate plasma via centrifugation
Store at 4 deg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is measured in a biochemical profile?

A 
Total protein
Albumin
Globulins
Bicarbonate
Anion gap
Calcium
Phosphorus
Glucose
Electrolytes
Urea nitrogen
Creatinine
Bilirubin
Cholesterol
Amylase
Lipase
CK
ALT
ALP
SDH
GLDH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are total protein levels often higher in plasma?

A

Fibrinogen is included

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is total protein made up of?

A

Albumin

Globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is total protein measured?

A

Using a refractometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What conditions may falsely increase total proteins?

A

Icterus
Severe haemolysis
Lipemia (blocks light so can appear darker blue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can you stop dietary lipemia increasing TP measurements?

A

Starve animal before test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What increases TP?

A

Dehydration
Inflammation
Neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What decreases TP?

A

Loss
Decreased synthesis
Dilution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why do globulin need to be separated by electrophoresis?

A

There are different types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can cause an increase in globulins?

A

Inflammation (polyclonal)

Neoplasia (monoclonal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can you calculate globulin levels?

A

Take TP, removed AL and whats left is globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is polyclonal gammopathy?

A

Increase in all types of globulins e.g. FIP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is monoclonal gammopathy?

A

Increase in a single type of Ig by a single clone of cells e.g. plasma cell tumour

21
Q

What causes an increase in albumin?

A

Dehydration

22
Q

What causes a decrease in albumin?

A 
Increased loss (renal, GI, haemorrhage)
Decreased synth (liver)
Third spacing (effusions)
23
Q

What does it mean if you are dehydrated and have normal albumin levels?

A

You had low albumin to start with

24
Q

How would you evaluate liver function?

A

Enzymes
Metabolites
Function tests

25
Q

What does an increase in liver enzymes mean?

A

Leak from damaged cells so indicates liver disease

26
Q

How would you evaluate pancreas function?

A

Amylase and lipase

27
Q

What could an increase in pancreatic enzymes be indicative of?

A

Leak from damaged cells (pancreatitis)

Renal insufficiency

28
Q

What do you need to look at to evaluate the urinary system?

A

Serum chemistry

Urine

29
Q

What are good indicators of GFR?

A

Urea

Creatinine

30
Q

What is low urea indicative of’?

A

Liver damage

31
Q

What is high urea indicative of?

A

Kidney damage

32
Q

What is creatinine derived from and what does an increase menan?

A

Creatine in muscle (influenced by mm)

Increase - kidneys not excreting it properly

33
Q

What is azotemia?

A

Increase in nitrogenous waste in circulation

34
Q

What can cause azotemia?

A

Pre-renal (dehydration)
Renal (renal disease)
Post-renal (obstruction)

35
Q

Describe pre-renal azotemia…

A

Decreased blood volume + therefore pressure
Body responds by increasing HR and constricting vessels
Reduces kidney filtration and urea excretion

36
Q

What would you check to analyse the cause of azotemia?

A

USG

Blood and urine analysis

37
Q

If urea and creatinine are increased what should the urine specific gravity be in…
a. Dog
b. Cat
c. Horse/ruminant
What does it mean if the values are less?

A

a. 1.030
b. 1.035
c. 1.025

Decreased concentrating ability and renal failure is present

38
Q

What species is urea not a reliable indicator of renal disease in? Why? What should be used instead?

A

Ruminants
Urea levels influenced by protein intake , high protein meal, GI bleeding
Creatinine

39
Q

Why may you get increased sodium levels?

A

Increased intake
Increased water loss
Decrease water intake

40
Q

Why might you get decreased sodium levels?

A

Increased loss

Increased water intake

41
Q

What is the main ion in ECF?

A

Sodium

42
Q

What is the main ion in intracellular space?

A

Potassium

43
Q

What is an increase in potassium associated with?

A

Renal failure
HypoAC
Leakage from cells (tissue damage, thombocytosis, leukemia)

44
Q

What is a decrease in potassium associated with?

A

Loss (renal, vomiting, diarrhoea)

Decreased intake

45
Q

What do changes in chloride usually coincide with?

A

Changes in sodium

46
Q

What are changes in chloride without sodium associated with?

A

Alterations in acid-base balance
Vomiting
Abomasal displacement

47
Q

When you measure total calcium what are you measuring?

A

Free calcium

Bound calcium

48
Q

What is an increase in phosphorus associated with?

A

Renal disease

Young growing animals with also evaluated Ca and ALP

49
Q

What do you analyse with urinalysis?

A 
Gross appearance
Chemical analysis (SG, dipstick)
Sediment analysis (cellular elements, crystals, casts)

Clinical Pathology, Immunology and Toxicology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions